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Development + Social Selection in the Emergence of “Emotionally Modern” Humans

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New Frontiers in Social Neuroscience

Part of the book series: Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences ((NEUROSCIENCE,volume 21))

Abstract

According to the cooperative breeding hypothesis, apes with the life history attributes of Homo sapiens could not have evolved unless alloparents in addition to parents had helped to care for and provision offspring. In this chapter, I explore the psychological implications for infants developing in social contexts where contingent nurture was elicited from multiple providers. I hypothesize that, what was (for an ape) an unusual mode of rearing young, generated novel ape phenotypes subsequently subjected to directional Darwinian selection favoring those infants who were better at monitoring the mental states and intentions of others, motivated to appeal to and please them so as to elicit solicitude. The result was an already socially intelligent ape both emotionally and cognitively preadapted for the evolution of higher levels of cooperation. Relying on the best available proxies we still have for humankind’s last common ancestor with other apes, I draw on experimental studies of chimpanzee and modern human infants to test underlying assumptions critical to this mothers-and-others model. Results indicate that rearing by multiple caretakers does indeed generate ape phenotypes in which “other-regarding” potentials are more fully expressed. Preliminary evidence from comparative neuroscience also suggests a mosaic pattern of “fast” as well as “slow” neural development in human infants consistent with the proposition that social selection acted on their ancestors in ways that produced infants that, although utterly dependent, were well equipped to monitor and evaluate others.

Partly published in Meehan CL, Crittenden AN (eds) In press. Origins and implications of the evolution of childhood, Santa Fe N.M.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that, depending on ecological and customary circumstances (usually having to do with inheritance of property), child survival can also be inversely correlated with the presence of allomothers, including grandmothers (e.g., Voland and Beise 2005; Sear 2008 for the Malawi; Strassmann and Garrard 2011). However, such exceptions have never been reported among band-level hunter-gatherers and thus fall outside of the scope of this chapter.

  2. 2.

    Sakaii’s sample size was small, but it is tantalizing that Ayuma, the chimpanzee co-reared by his mother and human others, was also the chimpanzee exhibiting both unusually well developed capacities for perspective-taking in targeted help experiments (described above) and the fastest trajectory of prefrontal white-matter development of the three chimpanzees scanned (Sakai et al. 2011: Fig. 2).

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Acknowledgments

This chapter benefited from discussions over many years with Kristen Hawkes, Steve Emlen, Mel Konner, J. Anderson Thomson and Polly Wiessner, from comments and corrections provided by Kim Bard, Judith Burkart, and Mary Jane West-Eberhard, and from the talented assistance of Lore M. Ruttan and June-el Piper. Additional thanks are due to participants at both the 2012 SAR workshop on the Evolution of Childhood and the 2010 CARTA symposium on the Evolution of Altruism.

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  1. University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Sarah B. Hrdy

  2. Citrona Farms, 21440 County Road 87, Winters, CA, 95694, USA

    Sarah B. Hrdy

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  1. Dept. of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Jean Decety

  2. Fondation IPSEN pour la Recherche Therapeutique, Boulogne Billancourt Cedex, France

    Yves Christen

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Hrdy, S.B. (2014). Development + Social Selection in the Emergence of “Emotionally Modern” Humans. In: Decety, J., Christen, Y. (eds) New Frontiers in Social Neuroscience. Research and Perspectives in Neurosciences, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02904-7_5

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