Abstract
The anisotropic behaviour of single-crystal components significantly distorts ultrasonic images produced using an array probe, leading to unreliable inspections. Therefore, imaging algorithms must be corrected to compensate for the anisotropy. In the previous chapter, the TFM ultrasonic imaging algorithm was successfully corrected using the analytical models developed in Chap. 2. This correction requires the accurate knowledge of the velocity profile in an anisotropic material. In a single-crystal component, such as a jet-engine turbine blade, the velocity profile is controlled by its crystallographic orientation. Therefore, this orientation must be measured before the component can be inspected for defects. Conventional crystallographic orientation methods rely on X-ray diffraction. These methods are very accurate, however the size of the equipment and the requirement for the component to be etched prior to the measurement makes them unsuitable for in situ inspections. A far more expedient method is shown to be to use the same ultrasonic array that performs the defect inspection to also measure the crystallographic orientation. In this chapter, potential ultrasonic array crystallographic orientation methods are presented. The most appropriate methods are developed further and their orientation accuracy and reliability are demonstrated using simulations and experiments.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
When measuring the velocity in this way the error will never be zero even if the time-of-flight data is completely accurate. This is because waves propagate from a point-like source, such as an ultrasonic array element, as spherical waves. The spherical wave causes a stiffening of the material causing an increase in the velocity. Once the waves have propagated a couple of wavelengths, the spherical waves become more like plane waves and therefore this effect diminishes with distance from the point-like source.
References
Jones AT, Baxter C (1995) The rolls-royce scorpio system. Measur Sci Technol 6(1):131–133
Woolfson MM (1997) An introduction to X-Ray crystallography, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK
Stout GH, Jensen LH (1989) X-ray structure determination, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Rose JL (1999) Ultrasonic waves in solid media. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Scruby CB, Drain LE (1990) Laser ultrasonics techniques and applications. Adam Hilger, Bristol
Markham MF (1970) Measurement of the elastic constants of fibre composites by ultrasonics. Composites 1:145–149
Degtyar AD, Rokhlin SI (1997) Comparison of elastic constant determination in anisotropic materials from ultrasonic group and phase velocity data. J Acoust Soc Am 102(6):3458–3466
Every AG, Sachse W (1990) Determination of the elastic constants of anisotropic solids from acoustic-wave group-velocity measurements. Phys Rev B 42(12):8196–8205
Kushibiki J-I, Chubachi N (1985) Material characterization by line-focus-beam acoustic microscope. IEEE Trans Sonics Ultrason 32(2):189–212
Kielczynski PJ, Bussière JF (1991) Characterization of texture in hexagonal materials using a line focus acoustic microscope. In: Ultrasonic symposium proceedings IEEE, pp 1009–1031
Frénet D, Calmon P, Paradis L, Roy O, Ouaftouh M (2000). Modeling of surface acoustic waves reflected on fluid-loaded solids. Application to measurements on anisotropic materials with a phased-array broadband transducer. In: Rev prog Nondestr Eval, vol 19, p 1017–1024
Robbins WP, Rudd EP (1987) Measurement of surface acoustic wave velocity anisotropy with a scanning laser acoustic microscope. In: Ultrasonics symposium proceedings IEEE, p 785–789
Reverdy F, Audoin B (2001) Elastic constants determination of anisotropic materials from phase velocities of acoustic waves generated and detected by lasers. J Acoust Soc Am 109(5):1965–1972
Hong Y, Sharples SD, Clark M, Somekh MG (2004) Rapid and accurate analysis of surface and pseudo-surface waves using adaptive laser ultrasound techniques. Ultrasonics 42(1–9):515–518
Hunter AJ, Drinkwater BW, Wilcox PD (2010) Autofocusing ultrasonic imagery for non-destructive testing and evaluation of specimens with complicated geometries. NDT E Int 29(2):78–85
Kundu T, Das S, Kumar VJ (2007) Point of impact prediction in isotropic and anisotropic plates from the acoustic emission data. J Acoust Soc Am 122(4):2057–2066
Connolly GD, Lowe MJS, Rokhlin SI, Temple JAG (2009) The application of Fermat’s principle to the improved inspection of austenitic steel welds. Proc Roy Soc A 465:3401–3423
Farnell GW (1978) Types and properties of surface waves. In: Oliner AA (ed) Topics in applied physics. Springer, Berlin, pp 13–59
Briggs A (1992) Acoustic microscopy, in monographs on the physics and chemistry of materials. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lane, C. (2014). Crystallographic Orientation Using Ultrasonic Arrays. In: The Development of a 2D Ultrasonic Array Inspection for Single Crystal Turbine Blades. Springer Theses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02517-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02517-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02516-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02517-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)