Abstract
Cognitive clinical reasoning and communication of the outcomes of that reasoning are necessarily and intimately entangled. Communication has a high affective component, as well as being complex and uncertain. Yet we often treat education in communication as if it were a jigsaw, refusing dynamism and complexity and readily taught as a protocol. While research findings indicate, for example, precisely how a good consultation may be conducted, this is hard to translate into practice because of unique contexts, but more so, because of ingrained structural restraints resulting from the hierarchical nature of medical culture.
Communication is an art as well as a science and needs to be practised with aesthetic considerations such as elegance and form in mind. Expert communication demands understanding of subtle processes of subtext at the level of the unconscious, embodied in rhetoric and non-verbal elements.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. (2005). Advancing education in interpersonal and communication skills. Retrieved from http://www.acgme.org/outcome/implement/interpercomskills.pdf
Albanese, M. A., Snow, M. H., Skochelak, S. E., Huggett, K. N., & Farrell, P. M. (2003). Assessing personal qualities in medical school admissions. Academic Medicine, 78, 313–321.
Ambady, N., Koo, J., Rosenthal, R., & Winograd, C. H. (2002). Physical therapists’ nonverbal communication predicts geriatric patients’ health outcomes. Psychology and Aging, 17, 443–452.
Becker, H. S., Geer, B., Hughes, E. C., & Strauss, A. L. (1980). The boys in white: Student culture in medical school. New York: Transaction Publishers.
Beckman, H. B., & Frankel, R. M. (1984). The effect of physician behavior on the collection of data. Annals of Internal Medicine, 101, 692–696.
Bleakley, A. (2006a). ‘You are who I say you are’: The rhetorical construction of identity in the operating theatre. The Journal of Workplace Learning, 18, 414–425.
Bleakley, A. (2006b). A common body of care: The ethics and politics of teamwork in the operating theater are inseparable. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 31, 1–18.
Bleakley, A. (2006c). Broadening conceptions of learning in medical education: The message from teamworking. Medical Education, 40, 150–157.
Bleakley, A., Allard, J., & Hobbs, A. (2013). ‘Achieving ensemble’: Communication in orthopaedic surgical teams and the development of situation awareness—An observational study using live videotaped examples. Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice, 18, 33–56.
De Cossart, L., & Fish, D. (2005). Cultivating a thinking surgeon: New perspectives on clinical teaching, learning and assessment. Harley, England: TFM Publishing.
Fox, R. C. (1957). Training for uncertainty. In R. K. Merton, G. Reader, & P. Kendall (Eds.), The student-physician. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gawande, A. (2009). The checklist manifesto: How to get things right. London: Profile Books.
Goffman, E. (1971). The presentation of self in everyday life. London: Penguin.
Goffman, E. (1991). Asylums: essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. London: Penguin.
Groopman, J. (2007). How doctors think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Hodges, B. (2003). OSCE! Variations on a theme by Harden. Medical Education, 37, 1134–1140.
Jagsi, R., Shapiro, J., & Weinstein, D. F. (2005). Perceived impact of resident work hour limitations on medical student clerkships: A survey study. Academic Medicine, 80, 752–757.
Kohn, L., Corrigan, J., & Donaldson, M. (Eds.). (1999). To err is human: Building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Kumagai, A. K. (2008). A conceptual framework for the use of illness narratives in medical education. Academic Medicine, 83, 653–658.
Lief, H. I., & Fox, R. C. (1963). Training for “detached concern” in medical students. In H. I. Lief, V. F. Lief, & N. R. Lief (Eds.), The psychological basis of medical practice (pp. 12–35). New York: Harper and Row.
Lingard, L. (2007). The rhetorical ‘turn’ in medical education: What have we learned and where are we going? Advances in Health Sciences Education, Theory and Practice, 12, 121–133.
Marvel, M. K., Epstein, R. M., Flowers, K., & Beckman, H. B. (1999). Soliciting the patient’s agenda: Have we improved? Journal of the American Medical Association, 281, 283–287.
Mechanic, D., McAlpine, D., & Rosenthal, M. (2001). Are patients’ office visits with physicians getting shorter? The New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 198–204.
Millenson, M. L. (1999). Demanding medical excellence: Doctors and accountability in the information age (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Montgomery, K. (2006). How doctors think: Clinical judgment and the practice of medicine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Neumann, M., Edelhäuser, F., Tauschel, D., Fischer, M., Wirtz, M., Woopen, C., et al. (2011, June 10). Empathy decline and its reasons: A systematic review of studies with medical students and residents. Academic Medicine. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e318221e615 (e-publication ahead of print).
Quirk, M. (2006). Intuition and metacognition in medical education. New York: Springer.
Richardson, W. C., et al. (2001). Crossing the quality chasm: A new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Roter, D., & Hall, J. (2006). Doctors talking with patients/patients talking with doctors: Improving communication in medical visits (2nd ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
Sanders, L. (2010). Diagnosis: Dispatches from the frontlines of medical mysteries. London: Icon Books.
Tang, P. C., et al. (2003). Patient safety: Achieving a new standard for care. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, National Academy of Sciences/ National Academies Press.
Tarkan, L. A. (2008, September 28). Problem for emergency room patients: Health illiteracy. The Observer (The New York Times supplement), p. 6.
Thomas, J., & Monaghan, T. (Eds.). (2007). The oxford handbook of clinical examination and practical skills. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
White, J., Levinson, W., & Roter, D. (1994). “Oh, by the way …”: the closing moments of the medical visit. Journal of General and Internal Medicine, 9, 24–28.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bleakley, A. (2014). How Physicians Think Can Be Judged from How They Listen and Speak. In: Patient-Centred Medicine in Transition. Advances in Medical Education, vol 3. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02487-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02487-5_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02486-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02487-5
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)