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Security and the Networked Society pp 3–49Cite as

Hacking

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Abstract

With the rise in importance of the Internet in our lives came the opportunity for some to exploit this for their own gain. Hacking rose to prominence as the resources they targeted became more valued. Hackers sought opportunities to control sites and make a statement by attacking governments, businesses and organisations that they disagreed with. Other hackers did it for the financial gain and rewards. And yet another group hacked on behalf of government and defense to attack their enemies or learn their secrets.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Man despair problem null one binary code, pixabay, http://pixabay.com/en/man-despair-problem-null-one-65049/, 21 December 2012.

  2. 2.

    Fresh evidence made public to help Enfield hacker Gary McKinnon’s fight against extradition, http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/localnews/8923549.Lords_to_debate_fate_of_Enfield_hacker_Gary_McKinnon/, Accessed online 14 April 2011.

  3. 3.

    News of the World phone hacking: John Whittingdale seeks public enquiry, http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/apr/13/news-of-the-world-phone-hacking, Accessed online 14 April 2011.

  4. 4.

    AusCERT, http://www.auscert.org.au/, Accessed online 14 April 2011.

  5. 5.

    A Declaration of Cyber-War, http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/04/stuxnet-201104, Accessed online 14 April 2011.

  6. 6.

    Location, location: who’s watching you (and why)?, http://theconversation.edu.au/location-location-whos-watching-you-and-why-691, Accessed online 14 April 2011.

  7. 7.

    AnonymousMXPT, Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/anonymousmxpt/8261353788/sizes/l/in/photostream/, Accessed online 21 December 2012.

  8. 8.

    Anonymous (group), Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_(group, Accessed online 28 October 2011.

  9. 9.

    Hacker group Anonymous’ new target: Child pornography websites, TheWeek, http://theweek.com/article/index/220708/hacker-group-anonymousnew-target-child-pornography-websites, Accessed online 28 October 2011.

  10. 10.

    Zombie computers, cyber security, phishing … what you need to know, http://theconversation.edu.au/zombie-computers-cyber-security-phishing-what-you-need-to-know-1671, Accessed online 28 October 2011.

  11. 11.

    #OpDarknet Major Release and Timeline, http://pastebin.com/T1LHnzEW, Accessed online 28 October 2011.

  12. 12.

    Anonymous, http://theconversation.edu.au/pages/anonymous, Accessed online 28 October 2011.

  13. 13.

    “To catch a Predator” Anonymous: The fight against child pornography Operation Darknet (#OpDarknet), http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TcNimk1SJvA, Accessed online 28 October 2011.

  14. 14.

    Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_and_Loathing_in_Las_Vegas, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  15. 15.

    DEF CON Hacking Conference, http://www.defcon.org/, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  16. 16.

    DEFCON, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFCON, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  17. 17.

    Hackers break into Subaru Outback via text message, http://www.engadget.com/2011/08/04/hackers-break-into-subaru-outback-via-text-message/, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  18. 18.

    Hacking, cracking and the wild, wild web, http://theconversation.edu.au/hacking-cracking-and-the-wild-wild-web-738, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  19. 19.

    Man-in-the-middle attack, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man-in-the-middle_attack, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  20. 20.

    GSM, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  21. 21.

    Link no longer goes to specified page, https://www.isecpartners.com/storage/docs/presentations/iSEC_BH2011_War_Texting.pdf, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  22. 22.

    Black Hat: Insulin pumps can be hacked, http://www.scmagazine.com/black-hat-insulin-pumps-can-be-hacked/article/209106/, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  23. 23.

    Face-matching with Facebook profiles: How it was done, http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20088456-281/face-matching-with-facebook-profiles-how-it-was-done/, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  24. 24.

    Facial recognition technology, http://theconversation.edu.au/pages/facial-recognition-technology, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  25. 25.

    Facebook and facial recognition – you’ve been tagged http://theconversation.edu.au/facebook-and-facial-recognition-youve-been-tagged-1776, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  26. 26.

    Link no longer goes to specified page, http://www.blackhat.com/docs/webcast/usa11preview_chamales.pdf, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  27. 27.

    Crisis management: using Twitter and Facebook for the greater good, http://theconversation.edu.au/crisis-management-using-twitter-and-facebook-for-the-greater-good-2439, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  28. 28.

    Jeff Moss (hacker), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Moss_%28hacker%29, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  29. 29.

    DEF CON: The event that scares hackers, http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/08/05/def.con.hackers/index.html?npt=NP1&on.cnn=1, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  30. 30.

    10 year old girl hacker CyFi reveal her first zero-day in Game at #DefCon 19, http://thehackernews.com/2011/08/10-year-old-girl-hacker-cyfi-reveal-her.html, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  31. 31.

    DEFCON Kids, http://www.defconkids.org/, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  32. 32.

    Zero Day Exploits - Holy Grail Of The Malicious Hacker, http://netsecurity.about.com/od/newsandeditorial1/a/aazeroday.htm, Accessed 8 August 2011.

  33. 33.

    Welcome to the National Security Agency, http://www.nsa.gov/, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  34. 34.

    Zakaria, Tabassum, Defcon Hacker Convention: Government Cybersecurity Experts Looking To Recruit Top Hacking Brass In Las Vegas, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/02/defcon-hacker-convention-government-cybersecurity_n_915853.html? Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  35. 35.

    Cyber security, http://theconversation.com/topics/cyber-security, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  36. 36.

    DJ Pangburn, An Open Letter to Defcon Hackers: Don’t Sell Out to the NSA, http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/127506/an-open-letter-to-defcon-hackers-dont-sell-out-to-the-nsa/, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  37. 37.

    Wright, Craig S, Are Anonymous and LulzSec about to hack PayPal for WikiLeaks? http://theconversation.com/are-anonymous-and-lulzsec-about-to-hack-paypal-for-wikileaks-2582, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  38. 38.

    Takahashi, Dean, Defcon panel: Anonymous is here. LulzSec is here. They’re everywhere, http://venturebeat.com/2011/08/06/defcon-panel-anonymous-is-here-lulzsec-is-here-theyre-everywhere/, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  39. 39.

    Branch, Philip, LulzSec takes down CIA website in the name of fun, fun, fun, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  40. 40.

    Wright, Craig S, World’s biggest-ever cyber attacks uncovered – and it’s only the beginning, http://theconversation.com/worlds-biggest-ever-cyber-attacks-uncovered-and-its-only-the-beginning-2677, Accessed online 1 July 2013.

  41. 41.

    An Interview With a Target of the FBI’s Anonymous Probe, http://gawker.com/5757995/an-interview-with-a-target-of-the-fbis-anonymous-probe, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  42. 42.

    FBI Exposes The Terrifying Face Of “Anonymous”, http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/internet/fbi-exposes-terrifying-face-anonymous-748293, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  43. 43.

    PayPal, https://www.paypal.com/au/webapps/mpp/home, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  44. 44.

    Zombie computers, cyber security, phishing … what you need to know, http://theconversation.edu.au/zombie-computers-cyber-security-phishing-what-you-need-to-know-1671, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  45. 45.

    Operation Payback: WikiLeaks Avenged by Hacktivists, http://www.pcworld.com/article/212701/operation_payback_wikileaks_avenged_by_hactivists.html, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  46. 46.

    WikiLeaks Supporter ‘Operation Payback’ Targets PayPal, Amazon, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2374090,00.asp, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  47. 47.

    Internet Relay Chat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  48. 48.

    An Interview With a Target of the FBI’s Anonymous Probe, http://gawker.com/5757995/an-interview-with-a-target-of-the-fbis-anonymous-probe, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  49. 49.

    Consumer credit cashing, http://freemercedes.org/, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  50. 50.

    UNLV student arrested by FBI for hacking in support of Wikileaks, http://www.unlvrebelyell.com/2011/07/25/unlv-student-arrested-by-fbi-for-hacking-in-support-of-wikileaks/, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  51. 51.

    Jessica Zimmerman JMS’s Outstanding Graduate Student for November, http://journalism.unlv.edu/, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  52. 52.

    Haefer asserts innocence, http://www.unlvrebelyell.com/2011/08/08/haefer-asserts-innocence/, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  53. 53.

    The ethics of digital direct action, http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/08/20118308455825769.html, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  54. 54.

    Gabriella Coleman, http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/faculty_bios/view/Gabriella_Coleman, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  55. 55.

    FBI Tries To Send Message With Hacker Arrests, http://www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138555799/fbi-arrests-alleged-anonymous-hackers, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  56. 56.

    FBI Tries To Send Message With Hacker Arrests, http://www.npr.org/2011/07/20/138555799/fbi-arrests-alleged-anonymous-hackers, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  57. 57.

    FBI Exposes The Terrifying Face Of “Anonymous”, http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/paypal-service-attack?page=0, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  58. 58.

    Haefer asserts innocence, http://www.unlvrebelyell.com/2011/08/08/haefer-asserts-innocence/, Accessed on 5 September 2011.

  59. 59.

    Hacker claims he can exploit Windows Update, http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9219876/Hacker_claims_he_can_exploit_Windows_Update?taxonomyId=89, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  60. 60.

    Ich Sun Rising – The Story Of How SSL Certificate Authorities Died, http://diceylee.blogspot.com.au/2011/09/ich-sun-rising-story-of-how-ssl.html, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  61. 61.

    Google, Yahoo, Skype targeted in attack linked to Iran, http://news.cnet.com/8301-31921_3-20046340-281.html?tag=mncol;txt, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  62. 62.

    Comodo, http://www.comodo.com/, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  63. 63.

    What is SSL and what are Certificates? http://tldp.org/HOWTO/SSL-Certificates-HOWTO/x64.html, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  64. 64.

    Transport Layer Security, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  65. 65.

    Iranian hackers obtain fraudulent HTTPS certificates: How close to a Web security meltdown did we get? https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2011/03/iranian-hackers-obtain-fraudulent-https, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  66. 66.

    ComodoHacker’s Pastebin, http://pastebin.com/u/ComodoHacker, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  67. 67.

    A Declaration of Cyber-War, http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2011/04/stuxnet-201104, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  68. 68.

    Comodo Report of Incident - Comodo detected and thwarted an intrusion on 26-MAR-2011, https://www.comodo.com/Comodo-Fraud-Incident-2011-03-23.html, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  69. 69.

    Fox-IT, http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/bestanden/documenten-en-publicaties/rapporten/2011/09/05/diginotar-public-report-version-1/rapport-fox-it-operation-black-tulip-v1-0.pdf, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  70. 70.

    Link no longer goes to specified page, http://www.diginotar.com/, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  71. 71.

    Google users in Iran targeted in certificate scam, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5g4RgXPBowpoyZnscQ8o7-L4AlOpQ?docId=CNG.9e34c99182f5659a398b65217766ca17.21, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  72. 72.

    Dutch Government Struggles to Deal With DigiNotar Hack, http://www.pcworld.com/article/239639/dutch_government_struggles_to_deal_with_diginotar_hack.html, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  73. 73.

    Certificate authority, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_authority, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  74. 74.

    What is a software patch? http://www.oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/softwarepatch, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  75. 75.

    Theregister.co.uk, Vodafone, Telegraph, Acer, National Geographic got hacked by Turkguvenligi, http://thehackernews.com/2011/09/theregistercouk-biggest-news-site-got.html#_, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  76. 76.

    DNS hijacking, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_hijacking, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  77. 77.

    How to protect from man-in-the-middle attacks, http://www.net-security.org/secworld.php?id=7087, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  78. 78.

    What is Perspectives? http://perspectives-project.org/, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  79. 79.

    Domain Name System Security Extensions, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  80. 80.

    DigiNotar SSL Breach, http://isc.sans.edu/diary/DigiNotar+SSL+Breach/11479, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  81. 81.

    DNSSEC Takes Off in Wake of Root Zone Signing, http://www.circleid.com/posts/20110830_dnssec_takes_off_in_wake_of_root_zone_signing/, Accessed on 12 September 2011.

  82. 82.

    Member of Hacking Group LulzSec Arrested for June 2011 Intrusion of Sony Pictures Computer Systems, http://www.fbi.gov/losangeles/press-releases/2011/member-of-hacking-group-lulzsec-arrested-for-June-2011-intrusion-of-sony-pictures-computer-systems, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  83. 83.

    LulzSec takes down CIA website in the name of fun, fun, fun, http://theconversation.edu.au/lulzsec-takes-down-cia-website-in-the-name-of-fun-fun-fun-1858, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  84. 84.

    Cody Kretsinger, Arizona College Student, Charged In Sony Hacking Case, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/23/cody-kretsinger-arizona-c_n_977490.html, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  85. 85.

    Operation Payback brings you #OpSony, http://www.anonnews.org/?p=press&a=item&i=787, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  86. 86.

    Are Anonymous hackers really on trial, or is FBI payback misdirected? http://theconversation.edu.au/are-anonymous-hackers-really-on-trial-or-is-fbi-payback-misdirected-3205, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  87. 87.

    Hide My Ass! Free Proxy and Privacy Tools, http://hidemyass.com/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  88. 88.

    LulzSec IRC leak: the full record, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jun/24/lulzsec-irc-leak-the-full-record, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  89. 89.

    Lulzsec fiasco, http://blog.hidemyass.com/2011/09/23/lulzsec-fiasco/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  90. 90.

    Second LulzSec hacker ‘Neuron’ could be tracked down via UK VPN, http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/26/lulzsec-second-hacker?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  91. 91.

    Get instant updates on #hidemyass, https://twitter.com/search/realtime/%23hidemyass, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  92. 92.

    Lulzsec fiasco, http://blog.hidemyass.com/2011/09/23/lulzsec-fiasco/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  93. 93.

    Virtual private network, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  94. 94.

    Important notice about security, https://airvpn.org/index.php?option=com_kunena&func=view&catid=2&id=891&Itemid=142#891, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  95. 95.

    Bitcoin: a pirate’s booty or the new global currency? http://theconversation.edu.au/bitcoin-a-pirates-booty-or-the-new-global-currency-3130, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  96. 96.

    Enjoy internet freedom and anonymity, https://www.privacyinternational.org/blog/enjoy-internet-freedom-and-anonymity-terms-and-conditions-apply, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  97. 97.

    LulzSec private log, http://pastebin.com/QZXBCBYt, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  98. 98.

    Tor Project: Anonymity Online https://www.torproject.org/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  99. 99.

    U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, http://www.nrl.navy.mil/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  100. 100.

    Electronic Frontier Foundation - Defending your rights in the digital world, https://www.eff.org/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  101. 101.

    Tor (anonymity network), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_%28anonymity_network%29, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  102. 102.

    Snitches getting various stitches, http://pastebin.com/MBEsm5XQ, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  103. 103.

    Freenet, https://freenetproject.org/, Accessed on 5 October 2011.

  104. 104.

    Anonymous: The secret group’s 5 biggest hacks, http://theweek.com/article/index/212846/anonymous-the-secret-groups-5-biggest-hacks, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  105. 105.

    Link no longer goes to specified page, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJORGO1Q2VY&feature=youtu.be, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  106. 106.

    Operation: Paperstorm, http://oppaperstorm.wordpress.com/, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  107. 107.

    AFP: Mexicans honor drug war victims on Day of the Dead, http://www.mexicoreporter.com/2011/11/02/afp-mexicans-honor-drug-war-victims-on-day-of-the-dead/, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  108. 108.

    Mexico: Impunity and profits - Josh Rushing travels to the city dubbed the murder capital of the world. http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/faultlines/2011/06/201161493451742709.html, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  109. 109.

    Mexico drugs war: Inside Veracruz as conflict spreads deeper, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-15372946, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  110. 110.

    Anonymous acts are a key feature of Mexico’s drug wars, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/nov/01/anonymity-mexico-drug-wars?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  111. 111.

    Dispatch: Anonymous’ Online Tactics Against Mexican Cartels, http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20111101-dispatch-implications-online-tactics-against-mexican-cartels, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  112. 112.

    Is Mexican cartel the next ‘Anonymous’ target? http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/31/world/americas/mexico-anonymous-threat/?hpt=wo_c2, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  113. 113.

    Mexico: Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt over Anonymous’ #OpCartel, http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/10/31/mexico-fear-uncertainty-and-doubt-over-anonymous-opcartel/, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  114. 114.

    Anonymous calls off outing of cartel after release of kidnapped member, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/11/anonymous-calls-off-outing-of-narco-cartel-after-release-of-kidnapped-member/, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  115. 115.

    OpCartel, a Name Emerges [Update], http://www.forbes.com/sites/seanlawson/2011/11/05/opcartel-a-name-emerges/, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  116. 116.

    It Pays to Be the Face of Anonymous, http://gawker.com/5856604/it-pays-to-be-the-face-of-anonymous, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  117. 117.

    Get instant updates on #OpCartel, https://twitter.com/search?q=%23OpCartel, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  118. 118.

    Marines dismantle Los Zeta communications network in Veracruz, http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/09/marines-dismantle-los-zeta.html, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  119. 119.

    Mexican Drug Cartels Now Menace Social Media, http://www.npr.org/2011/09/23/140745739/mexican-drug-cartels-now-menace-social-media, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  120. 120.

    Zombie computers, cyber security, phishing … what you need to know, http://theconversation.edu.au/zombie-computers-cyber-security-phishing-what-you-need-to-know-1671, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  121. 121.

    OpFaceBook, http://pastebin.com/nzaNLWfF, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  122. 122.

    Anonymous Facebook Attack: Real or Fake? http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2390805,00.asp, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  123. 123.

    Operation Paperstorm starting Saturday December 18, 2010, http://www.operationprotest.com/operation-paperstorm-starting-dec-18-2010, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  124. 124.

    Report: 230,000 Displaced by Mexico Drug War, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/03/25/report-230000-displaced-mexico-drug-war-1121351146/, Accessed on 8 November 2011.

  125. 125.

    Steam, http://store.steampowered.com/, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  126. 126.

    Australian online commerce to hit $37billion by 2013, eCommerce Report, http://www.ecommercereport.com.au/?p=1952, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  127. 127.

    Cisco: Global e-commerce to hit $1.4 trillion by 2015, Power Retail, http://www.powerretail.com.au/news/cisco-global-e-commerce-to-hit-1-4-trillion-by-2015/, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  128. 128.

    Valve, http://www.valvesoftware.com/, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  129. 129.

    Gabe Newell, Steam, http://forums.steampowered.com/forums/announcement.php?f=14, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  130. 130.

    Credibility at risk in Sony hacking scandal, The Conversation, http://theconversation.edu.au/credibility-at-risk-in-sony-hacking-scandal-1038, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  131. 131.

    Millions of e-commerce Sites Hacked to Serve Malware, PC Magazine, http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2390677,00.asp#fbid=UMuHudFsSLB, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  132. 132.

    Hacked security firm leaves Aussies vulnerable, Fairfax, http://www.smh.com.au/technology/security/hacked-security-firm-leaves-aussies-vulnerable-20110321-1c2i4.html, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  133. 133.

    Second-level ISP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-level_ISP, Accessed online 15 November 2011.

  134. 134.

    Anonymous (group), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_%28group, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

  135. 135.

    Anonymous speaks: the inside story of the HBGary hack, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/02/anonymous-speaks-the-inside-story-of-the-hbgary-hack/, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

  136. 136.

    Link no longer goes to specified page, http://occupythe99percent.com/2012/02/stratfor-intelligence-leaked-by-anonymous-reveals-spying-on-occupy-movement-and-deep-green-resistance/, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

  137. 137.

    Anonymous May Have Completely Destroyed Military Law Firm, http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2012/02/anonymous-may-have-completely-destroyed-military-law-firm/#more-512210, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

  138. 138.

    Bradley Manning, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Manning, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

  139. 139.

    WikiLeaks, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikileaks, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

  140. 140.

    Analysis: Impact of Wikileaks’ US cable publications, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11918573, Accessed on 15 February 2012.

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  1. RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

    Mark A. Gregory

  2. University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

    David Glance

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Gregory, M.A., Glance, D. (2013). Hacking. In: Security and the Networked Society. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02390-8_2

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