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Organic Contaminants from Industrial Wastewaters: Identification, Toxicity and Fate in the Environment

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Pollutant Diseases, Remediation and Recycling

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 4))

Abstract

Industrialization and urbanization in the industrial nations and increasingly also in emerging and developing nations have led to an intensive and still increasing use of freshwater resources. Industries are one of the most important pollution sources and the discharged wastewaters may contain very diverse organic compound groups. Among those, lipophilic contaminants possessing functional groups which are not common in nature rank among the compounds which are most persistent. There have been strong efforts in environmental sciences for a comprehensive characterization of chemical contamination and the related impacts, in order to provide data as a basis for management measures. Here we review the current state of knowledge about organic contaminants from industrial sources. We present information about (i) the identification of organic contaminants in industrial wastewaters, (ii) how these compounds are traced in aquatic systems, and (iii) on their toxicity for aquatic organisms as observed in laboratory experiments and in the field.

Major advancements concerning this theme include the development of new analytical techniques which allow for the identification of previously unknown, emerging contaminants. Overall, these studies proved the heterogeneity of the chemical composition of industrial wastewaters, even from the same industry branches. The observed differences are related to different industrial production processes, leading to the presence of varying synthesis educts, additives, products and byproducts in the wastewaters, of which many might occur in the environment but have not yet been identified. Attempts which were made to trace industrial discharges in aquatic systems proved accordingly the presence of very heterogenic organic contaminant mixtures in the environment. We therefore conclude that our knowledge about the chemical composition of industrial wastewaters and about the occurrence of industrial organic contaminants in the environment is as yet very limited.

A further advancement was the development of a combination of chemical and toxicological methods to identify causative organic constituents including emerging contaminants which contribute to the toxicity of industrial wastewaters. Only a few studies in this field are available, although the results obtained so far are promising. Several studies demonstrated the toxic activity of field samples and relate the observed effects to the presence of industrial organic contaminants. Exposure experiments in the field proved the bioaccumulation of specific industrial contaminants and assessed the associated toxic effects. The effects of chemical contamination on aquatic invertebrate communities was shown in field studies combining chemical and biological methods, although industrial inputs were not disentangled from other pollution sources. Ecological surveys of sites contaminated by industrial point sources combined with a comprehensive chemical characterization and toxicity evaluation are missing.

Some of the identified organic contaminants are related to characteristic industrial production processes and their presence in water, sediment or biota therefore indicates the input of specific industrial wastewaters. Accordingly, these compounds can be used as industrial markers. As synthesis of the reviewed information we present a list of potential industrial marker compounds. We suggest the proceeding application of the marker concept which helps to verify the input of specific industrial wastewaters to aquatic systems and to investigate the spatial distribution of the emission. Such information is useful to disentangle different emission sources for the subsequent investigation of their potential impacts in the environment. We present further research strategies which are in our opinion promising to address the identified gaps in knowledge.

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Abbreviations

CAS No.:

Unique identifier of a chemical, assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service

CPE:

Chlorophenylethanol

DCPE:

Chlorophenylethanoldichloroethanol

DBP:

Dichlorobenzophenone

DDA:

Bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acid

DDABE:

Bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acid butylester

DDAMA:

Bis(chlorophenyl)acetic acid methylamide

DDCN:

Bis(chlorophenyl)acetonitrile

DDD:

Bis(chlorophenyl)dichloroethane

DDE:

Bis(chlorophenyl)dichloroethene

DDMU:

Bis(chlorophenyl)chloroethene

DDT:

Bis(chlorophenyl)trichloroethane

DOC:

Dissolved organic carbon

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

EC50 :

Concentration of a chemical which induces a defined response of 50 % of the members of a tested population after a specified test duration

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

FIA-MS-MS:

Flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

HCB:

Hexachlorobenzene

HCHs:

Hexachlorocyclohexanes

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

HPLC-ED:

High performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

HT-GC/MS:

High temperature-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

IPC-ESI-MS:

Ion-pair chromatography/electrospray-mass spectrometry

LAS:

Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates

LC50 :

Concentration of a chemical required to kill 50 % of the members of a tested population after a specified test duration

LC/ESI-MSn :

Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multi-stage mass spectrometry

LC/MS:

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

LC/MS-MS:

Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

LC/UV:

Liquid chromatography with UV detection

MCPE:

Chlorophenylchloroethanol

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PCDDs:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins

PCDFs:

Polychlorinated dibenzofurans

PeBDE:

Pentabromodiphenyl ether

POCIS:

Polar organic chemical integrative sampler

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

SPME:

Solid phase microextraction

TLC:

Thin layer chromatography

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

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  1. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstraße 4-20, 52056, Aachen, Germany

    Larissa Dsikowitzky & Jan Schwarzbauer

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    Eric Lichtfouse

  2. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Jan Schwarzbauer

  3. ICPEES, Université de Lorraine, Saint-Avold, France

    Didier Robert

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Dsikowitzky, L., Schwarzbauer, J. (2013). Organic Contaminants from Industrial Wastewaters: Identification, Toxicity and Fate in the Environment. In: Lichtfouse, E., Schwarzbauer, J., Robert, D. (eds) Pollutant Diseases, Remediation and Recycling. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_2

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