Abstract
Chapter 8 serves to summarise many of the lessons to be culled from the case studies in previous chapters. Initially, two specific issues are addressed in detail: firstly, the financial data are summarised so that comparisons can be made and, secondly, the implications for equipment vendors are considered. It is of interest that auctions have been used almost universally to assign new spectrum, so comparisons are easier to make than in the case of 3G, but at the same time many auctions have involved multiple spectrum bands which was not the case for 3G. The chapter then moves on to more general matters, taking account of the interplay between technology, finance and operators. At this stage, conclusions must be a little tentative, but it seems unlikely that they will need to be significantly revised. As of the time of writing, the 100 million subscription mark for LTE had been crossed and subscriber growth is extremely rapid. Clearly, the need for superfast connectivity is a massive driving force behind the rapid adoption of new technology and it will not be long before LTE-Advanced becomes established in the countries that lead the technological advance.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
This should not be confused with vendors' contributions to RAN standards—see Cellular-news (2012b).
- 3.
The prices paid for spectrum in South Korea elicited for the first time the fear that there would be a ‘winner’s curse’. This was predictably denied by the winners (TeleGeography 2011a).
- 4.
Although Detecon prefers to prioritise (1) securing capacity for new and faster services such as HDTV (2) use as fixed broadband wireless access and (3) expansion of capacity of existing networks (Cellular-news 2011a).
- 5.
A somewhat surprising finding in recent studies is that smartphone users often download massive files at great cost via their mobile operator rather than waiting until they are in range of a free Wi-Fi connection. The latter is particularly sensible for streaming video which is uses very large amounts of data (Grant 2012).
- 6.
According to Akamai Technologies, the highest average connection speed among 111 operators sampled at the end of 2010 was roughly 6Â Mbps achieved by a Russian operator, whereas the highest peak speed of 23Â Mbps was achieved by a Slovakian operator.
- 7.
There is an alternative, which is to use existing spectrum more efficiently. To get an idea of how this might be achieved see Cellular-news (2012c).
- 8.
In practice, as noted, 14.4 Mbps is technically HSPA rather than HSPA+, although it was rumoured that some devices contained a HSPA+ chipset. Thus, for example, the iPhone 4S, launched by AT&T in October 2011, would normally operate with HSPA but if it came within range of a HSPA+ signal it would be capable of faster speeds. Amusingly, it would simultaneously flag up ‘4G’ on the screen.
- 9.
This trend has caused understandable unease, and in the USA a bill—‘Next Generation Wireless Disclosure Act’—was introduced in June 2011 aimed at requiring operators to be more specific about their use of the term ‘4G’ (Telecom.paper 2011). In an interesting case in South Africa, Cell C was fined for falsely advertising its 3G network using a 4G logo prior to the ITU decision of December 2010, but even though this practice had thereafter become permissible, the fine was upheld on appeal (Cellular-news 2011b). In contrast, in the UAE in November 2011, the regulator authorised Du to market its DC-HSPA+ network as 4G—alongside an admission as to the technology in use—even though Etisalat had already launched a LTE service (TeleGeography 2011b). For its part, C&W (branded as LIME) announced the roll-out of a so-called 4G network in Jamaica in March 2012 which appeared to be a ‘refreshment’ of its existing HSPA+ network (TeleGeography 2012a), and announced the launch of ‘4G Mobile’ in June (Cellular-news 2012i). Of particular interest was the announcement by the Australian regulator in March 2012 that it intended to take Apple to court for breaches in consumer law. Specifically, it objected to Apple’s use of the term ‘iPad with Wi-Fi + 4G’ in respect of a SIM card that could not, in practice, connect to any 4G network in Australia (Cellular-news 2012e) because it was set up only for spectrum used by AT&T and Verizon Wireless in the USA. Apple gave an undertaking to withdraw the advertising in March but failed to do so, leading to a court case which ended with Apple being fined A$2.25 million (Cellular-news 2012h). In practice, much the same situation took place in the UK (and elsewhere) during 2012H1, and Apple was forced to withdraw the term under pressure from the Advertising Standards Authority (Cellular-news 2012g). In a further interesting development, AT&T announced in July 2012 that it would no longer be referring to its HSPA+ network as ‘America’s largest 4G network’ because all the major networks either had, or in its own case, shortly would have, launched LTE (TeleGeography 2012c). However, very few regulators have so far been willing to ban use of the term ‘4G’ unless a service materially faster than that marketed as ‘3G’ is being provided—but see Peru case study and TeleGeography (2012d).
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Curwen, P., Whalley, J. (2013). Conclusions from Case Studies. In: Fourth Generation Mobile Communication. Management for Professionals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02210-9_8
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