Abstract
Systematic convergence in knowledge and technology promises to increase the rate of scientific breakthroughs, lead to the establishment of new S&T domains and support growing expectations for human progress, including improved productivity, education, and quality of life. A virtual spiral of creativity and innovation will have a significant effect on innovation, productivity, and commercialization. This chapter outlines societal dimensions and innovative and responsible governance of converging knowledge and technologies and the roles of individuals and public. Several goals for the next ten to advance innovation, economic productivity, human and quality of life are presented. Infrastructure needs and R&D strategies are focused on open-source, long-term planning, anticipatory and participatory governance, as well as harmonizing regulations among emerging technologies and internationally. Several priorities and possibilities are suggested for innovative and responsible governance of emerging and converging technologies, including national R&D centers, regulatory measures, and long-term planning.
Corresponding editors M.C. Roco (mroco@nsf.gov) and W.S. Bainbridge (wbainbri@nsf.gov).
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Notes
- 1.
See http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/01/24/1057803/-Democracy-Technology for a list of labs, initiatives, and experiments in “democracy technology.”
- 2.
A concept introduced by Donald Stokes (1997) to describe scientific research that is both fundamental and “use-inspired,” that takes a systems engineering approach to extending basic S&T understanding but applies it to solution of problems.
- 3.
Cavin et al. (1989) provide an overview of SRC’s early organization, operation, and research results.
- 4.
The budget data are taken from the COM-Proposal for HORIZON 2020 (COM(2011)811), 30.11.2011, and can be strongly modified due to readjustment of the budget due to negotiations of MFF 2014–2020.
- 5.
Based on keywords from trend analysis, the frequencies for co-word pairs between keywords appearing in Google documents (2007–2009) have been counted. The number of counts designates the strength of connectivity between the keywords, and this can be shown as in Fig. 10.10 utilizing the network drawing program, “Netminer”.
- 6.
As compared with the results of the same analysis for Google documents during 2004–2006, megatrend which is related to the formation of the clusters does not change, but the degree of the connectivity between the issues does change, meaning that there are emerging hot issues in recent years such as climate change–health, climate change–global governance and social network–healthcare connections.
- 7.
This is a tentative name for the organization, provided by the author, since the exact English name for the organization had been not decided at the time this description was written.
- 8.
First-generation single-crystalline silicon solar cells operate at 10–15 % conversion efficiency; cadmium telluride (CdTe) photovoltaics may reach 20 % efficiency; multijunction, thin-layer films promise 40 % efficiencies; quantum-dot structures hold high promise, with efficiencies approaching theoretical limits (Osman 2012, 23).
- 9.
Chinese engineers are developing a variety of nanoscale approaches to filtration that, if successful, will remove virtually all water and soil contaminants, whether they are bacterial in origin stemming from organic wastes, or industrial effluences such as toxic metals (Wang and Huang 2012). Osman (2012, 24) notes that “novel polymeric materials and nanofibrous media may enable high flux, low pressure membranes, thus reducing energy demand.” (See also Hillie and Hlophe 2012, for examples from other developing countries.)
- 10.
“Nanotechnology is fast emerging as the new platform for the next wave of development and transformation of agri-food systems… projected to have the potential to provide foundation for large emerging agriculture centered economies like India” (Sastry et al. 2009, 91; see also Rogers and Zader 2012).
- 11.
Chinese scientists in particular are making advances in the areas of disease diagnosis and targeted drug delivery (Wang and Huang 2012).
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Roco, M.C. et al. (2013). Innovative and Responsible Governance of Converging Technologies. In: Roco, M., Bainbridge, W., Tonn, B., Whitesides, G. (eds) Convergence of Knowledge, Technology and Society. Science Policy Reports. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02204-8_10
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