Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Liver Immunology pp 243–252Cite as

Hepatitis E

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was first discovered in developing countries, and acute hepatitis E became popular acute hepatitis in developing countries. However, recent reports revealed that acute hepatitis E was not a rare disease in developed countries.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kamar N, Bendall R, Legrand-Abravanel F, Xia NS, Ijaz S, Izopet J, Dalton HR. Hepatitis E. Lancet. 2012;379:2477–88.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wedemeyer H, Pischke S, Manns MP. Pathogenesis and treatment of hepatitis e virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:1388–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aggarwal R, Jameel S. Hepatitis E. Hepatology. 2011;54:2218–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Rein DB, Stevens G, Theaker J, et al. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology. 2012;55:988–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Aggarwal R. Hepatitis E: does it cause chronic hepatitis? Hepatology. 2008;48:1328–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Arankalle VA, Chadha MS, Dama BM, Tsarev SA, Purcell RH, Banerjee K. Role of immune serum globulins in pregnant women during an epidemic of hepatitis E. J Viral Hepat. 1998;5:199–204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Khuroo MS. Study of an epidemic of non-A, non-B hepatitis: possibility of another human hepatitis virus distinct from post-transfusion non- A, non-B type. Am J Med. 1980;68:818–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Balayan MS, Andjaparidze AG, Savinskaya SS, et al. Evidence for a virus in non-A, non-B hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route. Intervirology. 1983;20:23–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Reyes GR, Purdy MA, Kim JP, et al. Isolation of a cDNA from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Science. 1990;247:1335–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Tam AW, Smith MM, Guerra ME, Huang CC, Bradley DW, Fry KE, Reyes GR. Hepatitis E virus (HEV): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. Virology. 1991;185:120–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shrestha MP, Scott RM, Joshi DM, Mammen Jr MP, Thapa GB, Thapa N, et al. Safety and efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:895–903.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Purcell RH, Emerson SU. Hepatitis E: an emerging awareness of an old disease. J Hepatol. 2008;48:494–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Goens SD, Perdue ML. Hepatitis E viruses in humans and animals. Anim Health Res Rev. 2004;5:145–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Meng XJ. Recent advances in hepatitis E virus. J Viral Hepat. 2010;17:153–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Kaci S, Nockler K, Johne R. Detection of hepatitis E virus in archived German wild boar serum samples. Vet Microbiol. 2008;128:380–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mishra N, Arankalle VA. Association of polymorphisms in the promoter regions of TNF-α (−308) with susceptibility to hepatitis E virus and TNF-α (−1031) and IFN-γ (+874) genes with clinical outcome of hepatitis E infection in India. J Hepatol. 2011;55:1227–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Arora R, Saha A, Malhotra D, Rath P, Kar P, Bamezai R. Promoter and intron-1 region polymorphisms in the IFNG gene in patients with hepatitis E. Int J Immunogenet. 2005;32:207–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Arankalle VA, Chobe LP. Retrospective analysis of blood transfusion recipients: evidence for post-transfusion hepatitis E. Vox Sang. 2000;79:72–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lee CK, Chau TN, Lim W, et al. Prevention of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E by donor-initiated self exclusion. Transfus Med. 2005;15:133–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Matsubayashi K, Nagaoka Y, Sakata H, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E caused by apparently indigenous hepatitis E virus strain in Hokkaido, Japan. Transfusion. 2004;44:934–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Boxall E, Herborn A, Kochethu G, et al. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E in a ‘nonhyperendemic’ country. Transfus Med. 2006;16:79–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Colson P, Coze C, Gallian P, et al. Transfusion-associated hepatitis E, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:648–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dalton HR, Hazeldine S, Banks M, Ijaz S, Bendall R. Locally acquired hepatitis E in chronic liver disease. Lancet. 2007;369:1260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Bhatia V, Singhal A, Panda SK, et al. A 20-year single-center experience with acute liver failure during pregnancy: is the prognosis really worse? Hepatology. 2008;48:1577–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Colson P, Borentain P, Queyriaux B, et al. Pig liver sausage as a source of hepatitis E virus transmission to humans. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:825–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Christensen PB, Engle RE, Hjort C, et al. Time trend of the prevalence of hepatitis E antibodies among farmers and blood donors: a potential zoonosis in Denmark. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:1026–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang S, Tian D, Zhang Z, Xiong J, Yuan Q, Ge S, Zhang J, Xia N. Clinical significance of anti-HEV IgA in diagnosis of acute genotype 4 hepatitis E virus infection negative for anti-HEV IgM. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:2512–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Pan JS, Zhang K, Zhou J, Wu C, Zhuang H, Zhou YH. Application of truncated immunodominant polypeptide from hepatitis E virus (HEV) ORF2 in an assay to exclude nonspecific binding in detecting anti-HEV immunoglobulin M. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:779–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Le Cann P, Tong MJ, Werneke J, Coursaget P. Detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus in patients with autoimmune chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997;32:387–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Srivastava R, Aggarwal R, Bhagat MR, Chowdhury A, Naik S. Alterations in natural killer cells and natural killer T cells during acute viral hepatitis E. J Viral Hepat. 2008;15:910–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Tripathy AS, Das R, Rathod SB, Arankalle VA. Cytokine profiles, CTL response and T cell frequencies in the peripheral blood of acute patients and individuals recovered from hepatitis E infection. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31822.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Husain MM, Srivastava R, Akondy R, Aggarwal R, Jameel S, Naik S. Evidence of hepatitis E virus exposure among seronegative healthy residents of an endemic area. Intervirology. 2011;54:139–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pischke S, Wedemeyer H. Chronic hepatitis E in liver transplant recipients: a significant clinical problem? Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2010;56:121–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Agrawal V, Goel A, Rawat A, Naik S, Aggarwal R. Histological and immunohistochemical features in fatal acute fulminant hepatitis E. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2012;55:22–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Prabhu SB, Gupta P, Durgapal H, Rath S, Gupta SD, Acharya SK, Panda SK. Study of cellular immune response against Hepatitis E virus (HEV). J Viral Hepat. 2011;18:587–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Naik S, Aggarwal R, Naik SR, Dwivedi S, Talwar S, Tyagi SK, Duhan SD, Coursaget P. Evidence for activation of cellular immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis E. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2002;21:149–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Aggarwal R, Shukla R, Jameel S, Agrawal S, Puri P, Gupta VK, Patil AP, Naik S. T-cell epitope mapping of ORF2 and ORF3 proteins of human hepatitis E virus. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14:283–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Husain MM, Aggarwal R, Kumar D, Jameel S, Naik S. Effector T cells immune reactivity among patients with acute hepatitis E. J Viral Hepat. 2011;18:e603–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wu T, Zhang J, Su ZJ, Liu JJ, Wu XL, Wu XL, Lin CX, Ou SH, Yan Q, Shih JW, Xia NS. Specific cellular immune response in hepatitis E patients. Intervirology. 2008;51:322–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Saravanabalaji S, Tripathy AS, Dhoot RR, Chadha MS, Kakrani AL, Arankalle VA. Viral load, antibody titers and recombinant open reading frame 2 protein-induced TH1/TH2 cytokines and cellular immune responses in self-limiting and fulminant hepatitis e. Intervirology. 2009;52:78–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Eldin SS, Seddik I, Daef EA, Shata MT, Raafat M, Abdel Baky L, Nafeh MA. Risk factors and immune response to hepatitis E viral infection among acute hepatitis patients in Assiut, Egypt. Egypt J Immunol. 2010;17:73–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Srivastava R, Aggarwal R, Sachdeva S, Alam MI, Jameel S, Naik S. Adaptive immune responses during acute uncomplicated and fulminant hepatitis E. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;26:306–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. TrehanPati N, Sukriti S, Geffers R, Hissar S, Riese P, Toepfer T, Guzman CA, Sarin SK. Gene expression profiles of T cells from hepatitis E virus infected patients in acute and resolving phase. J Clin Immunol. 2011;31:498–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Srivastava R, Aggarwal R, Jameel S, Puri P, Gupta VK, Ramesh VS, Bhatia S, Naik S. Cellular immune responses in acute hepatitis E virus infection to the viral open reading frame 2 protein. Viral Immunol. 2007;20:56–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Tripathy AS, Das R, Rathod SB, Gurav YK, Arankalle VA. Peripheral T regulatory cells and cytokines in hepatitis E infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:179–84.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kamar N, Rostaing L, Abravanel F, Garrousta C, Esposito L, Cardeau-Desangles I, et al. Pegylated interferon-alpha for treating chronic hepatitis E virus infection after liver transplantation. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:e30–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Kamar N, Rostaing L, Abravanel F, Garrousta C, Lhomme S, Esposito L, et al. Ribavirin therapy inhibits viral replication in patients with chronic hepatitis E virus infection. Gastroenterology. 2010;139:1612–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kamar N, Garrouste C, Haagsma EB, et al. Factors associated with chronic hepatitis in patients with hepatitis E virus infection who have received solid organ transplants. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:1481–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Halleux D, Kanaan N, Kabamba B, Thomas I, Hassoun Z. Hepatitis E virus: an underdiagnosed cause of chronic hepatitis in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis. 2012;14:99–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Suneetha PV, Pischke S, Schlaphoff V, Grabowski J, Fytili P, Gronert A, Bremer B, Markova A, Jaroszewicz J, Bara C, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H. Hepatitis E virus (HEV)-specific T-cell responses are associated with control of HEV infection. Hepatology. 2012;55:695–708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fainboim H, Gonzalez J, Fassio E, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. A multicentre study. J Viral Hepat. 1999;6:53–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Dalton HR, Bendall RP, Keane FE, Tedder RS, Ijaz S. Persistent carriage of hepatitis E virus in patients with HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1025–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Navaneethan U, Al Mohajer M, Shata MT. Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis. Liver Int. 2008;28:1190–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Pal R, Aggarwal R, Naik SR, Das V, Das S, Naik S. Immunological alterations in pregnant women with acute hepatitis E. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1094–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Jilani N, Das BC, Husain SA, Baweja UK, Chattopadhya D, Gupta RK, Sardana S, Kar P. Hepatitis E virus infection and fulminant hepatic failure during pregnancy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:676–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Bose PD, Das BC, Kumar A, Gondal R, Kumar D, Kar P. High viral load and deregulation of the progesterone receptor signaling pathway: association with hepatitis E-related poor pregnancy outcome. J Hepatol. 2011;54:1107–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Kaur M, Hyams KC, Purdy MA, Krawczynski K, Ching WM, Fry KE, Reyes GR, Bradley DW, Carl M. Human linear B-cell epitopes encoded by the hepatitis E virus include determinants in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992;89:3855–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Coursaget P, Buisson Y, Depril N, le Cann P, Chabaud M, Molinié C, Roue R. Mapping of linear B cell epitopes on open reading frames 2- and 3-encoded proteins of hepatitis E virus using synthetic peptides. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1993;109:251–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Khudyakov YE, Favorov MO, Jue DL, Hine TK, Fields HA. Immunodominant antigenic regions in a structural protein of the hepatitis E virus. Virology. 1994;198:390–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Riddell MA, Li F, Anderson DA. Identification of immunodominant and conformational epitopes in the capsid protein of hepatitis E virus by using monoclonal antibodies. J Virol. 2000;74:8011–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Zhang H, Dai X, Shan X, Meng J. Characterization of antigenic epitopes of the ORF2 protein from hepatitis E virus genotype 4. Virus Res. 2009;142:140–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Zhang J, Liu CB, Li RC, et al. Randomized-controlled phase II clinical trial of a bacterially expressed recombinant hepatitis E vaccine. Vaccine. 2009;27:1869–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Zhu FC, Zhang J, Zhang XF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in healthy adults: a large-scale, randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010;376:895–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. He J, Hayes CG, Binn LN, Seriwatana J, Vaughn DW, Kuschner RA, Innis BL. Hepatitis E virus DNA vaccine elicits immunologic memory in mice. J Biomed Sci. 2001;8:223–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Hong Y, Ruan B, Yang LH, Chen Y, Jing L, Wang YT, Hu HJ. Hepatitis E virus chimeric DNA vaccine elicits immunologic response in mice. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:6713–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, JIKEI University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shinbashi Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan

    Hiroki Takahashi & Mikio Zeniya

Authors
  1. Hiroki Takahashi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mikio Zeniya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hiroki Takahashi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA

    M. Eric Gershwin

  2. Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

    John M. Vierling

  3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany

    Michael P. Manns

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Takahashi, H., Zeniya, M. (2014). Hepatitis E. In: Gershwin, M., Vierling, J., Manns, M. (eds) Liver Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02096-9_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02096-9_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-02095-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-02096-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation