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Liver Immunology pp 123–144Cite as

Bacterial Infections in Liver

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Abstract

Bacterial infections may cause liver dysfunction through direct infection or as a result of inflammatory mediators from bacterial infections in other body sites. This is not surprising given the extent of the hepatic vascular supply, as well as significant venous drainage from the gastrointestinal system. Abnormal liver functions tests (LFTs) may occur in a variety of septic conditions not directly involving the liver, such as in community-acquired pneumonia. Neonates and infants under 1 year are especially susceptible to liver dysfunction in septic states, due to low bile salt-independent bile flow. Signs and symptoms include jaundice with fever, rigors, and confusion. Abnormalities in LFTs often appear 24–48 h after the onset of initial symptoms, and include mild elevations in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase, with significant hyperbilirubinemia. Canalicular cholestasis, focal hepatocyte fat droplets, and periportal cell infiltrates are commonly encountered histological findings. Sinusoidal leukostasis and adherence to hepatic endothelial cells result from release of TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-8, and activation of C5a.

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Abbreviations

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

APC:

Antigen presenting cell

CDC:

Center for Diseases Control and Prevention

DC:

Dendritic cell

GGT:

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

HAART:

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HSC:

Hepatic stellate cell

IFN:

Interferon

IL:

Interleukin

InlA:

Internalin A/B

KC:

Kupffer cell

LFT:

Liver function test

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

LSEC:

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell

mDC:

Myeloid DC

MHC:

Major histocompatibility complex

NK:

Natural killer

NKT:

Natural killer T cell

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PD:

Programmed death

pDC:

Plasmacytoid DC

PD-L1:

Programmed death ligand 1

PPR:

Pattern recognition patterns

PSC:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Th:

T-helper

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110, Larissa, Greece

    Eirini I. Rigopoulou & Dimitrios P. Bogdanos M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Liver Immunopathology, Institute of Liver Studies and Liver Unit, King’s College London School of Medicine at King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London, SE5 9RS, UK

    Daniel S. Smyk & Dimitrios P. Bogdanos M.D., Ph.D.

  3. Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222, Larissa, Greece

    Timoklia Orfanidou & Dimitrios P. Bogdanos M.D., Ph.D.

  4. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA

    M. Eric Gershwin

Authors
  1. Eirini I. Rigopoulou
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  2. Daniel S. Smyk
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  3. Timoklia Orfanidou
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  4. Dimitrios P. Bogdanos M.D., Ph.D.
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  5. M. Eric Gershwin
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Correspondence to Dimitrios P. Bogdanos M.D., Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA

    M. Eric Gershwin

  2. Medicine and Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA

    John M. Vierling

  3. Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medical School of Hannover, Germany

    Michael P. Manns

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Rigopoulou, E.I., Smyk, D.S., Orfanidou, T., Bogdanos, D.P., Gershwin, M.E. (2014). Bacterial Infections in Liver. In: Gershwin, M., Vierling, J., Manns, M. (eds) Liver Immunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02096-9_10

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