Abstract
This chapter is devoted to a broad descriptive analysis of the survey data collected through the questionnaire. Results of the survey are presented and analyzed according to three groups of surveyed firms categorized as local firms (LF), foreign firms (FF), and direct supplier firms (DSF), respectively. Also, the last column in the tables concerns all firms (AF) included in the sample. This distinction is maintained in all the tables, and it does enable us to test the significance of the equality of the mean of different variables between LF versus FF as well as between DSF versus non-DSF by using Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson’s Chi-Square test (from here on chi-square test) or t-test depending on both the type of variable (ordinal, categorical and continuous) and the number of observations available. Survey results are analyzed under nine main headings within the framework of the study referred in Chap. 3.
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Notes
- 1.
Data on non-DSF will not be presented in the tables due to both space reasons and the small number of the firms in this category (33 firms).
- 2.
For a detailed description of the firms, see Sect. 3.7.
- 3.
Mann–Whitney U test (also called the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon (MWW) test) is a non-parametric test and used for comparing two independent samples. It does not require the assumption that the dependent variable is a normally distributed interval variable (it is assumed at least ordinal). Null hypothesis of the test is that two samples have identical distribution (see Pallant, 2007, p. 210).
- 4.
We define foreign firms as firms if FS is at least 10 % or more in total capital of the firm in accordance with the OECD, UNCTAD, and the IMF’s definitions.
- 5.
- 6.
See Appendix J for detailed summary statistics.
- 7.
The median is given as a measure of central tendency, because it is less affected by outliers.
- 8.
For details see Appendix J.
- 9.
For details see Appendix J.
- 10.
For details see Appendix J.
- 11.
The number of the firms specified only one, only two or only three products are 26, 17, and 122, respectively.
- 12.
See section 1 question 7 in the questionnaire survey presented in Appendix G.
- 13.
E.g. the parts/components as motor, gear box, suspension, braking system, safety systems, and so on (in primary product class) were classified in the high-technology category; the parts as various automotive fasteners, headlight, ventilation ducts, damper, seat, internal trim materials and such in the medium-technology category, and the parts as mudguard, seat cover, indicator, signal arms, mirror and exhaust silencer in the low technology category.
- 14.
Frequency of provided KTT types (items) related to production process, product, financial transfers and training is measured using a three-point frequency Likert scale constructed from five-point Likert scale (frequently, occasionally, rarely, very rarely, never).
- 15.
Information on never category has not been identified in the table for space reasons but can be obtained for each item by summing the proportions of answers given to frequently and rarely categories and then subtracting from 100 %.
- 16.
The implied meaning of the assistance used in the items related to production process transfers (assistance related to R&D activities - logistic management - business management - quality control methods - design - productivity problems) refers to every help that is provided by customers such as providing technical, support, training, advice, and KTT.
- 17.
The transfers provided by customers with respect to the product were asked to the executives of the supplier firms as to the most important product/s manufactured. Although there is a possibility that transfers with respect to the products might change for each firm depending on the manufactured product or the type of the part, when the fact that survey application and study purposes as well as supplier firms are specialized in one product group (see Sect. 4.1.6) is taken into consideration no product or part classification has been made for the transfers with respect to the product.
- 18.
The implied meaning of the a ssistance used in the item related to product transfers (assistance related to product designs) refers to every help that is provided by customers such as providing technical support, training, advice, and KTT.
- 19.
In other words, never transfer degree of the assistance related to product designs item requiring an important level of knowledge and skills has the highest rate with 36 % {100 % − 12 % (frequently) − 52 % (rarely) = 36 %}.
- 20.
Foreign literature and findings of the earlier case studies conducted on various sectors showed that financial transfers to the suppliers were quite minimal and not preferred so much by the cooperated customers (Giroud, 2003).
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
“ISO/TS16949 (quality management systems for automotive production and relevant service part organizations) has been used by the major automotive manufacturers to approve more than 35,000 organizations worldwide that produce and supply parts for the industry” (www.iso.org). “It has been developed by the industry, the International Automotive Task Force (IATF), to encourage improvement in both the supply chain and the certification process. In fact, for the majority of leading vehicle manufacturers, certification to this specification is a mandatory requirement for doing business” (www.bsigroup.com).
- 24.
Nineteen out of 165 surveyed firms stated that they did not make any agreements; therefore the number of the examined firms is 146.
- 25.
These are the firms located at domestic or overseas (abroad), and they directly or indirectly control all and any commercial activities, management and/or capital structure of the supplier firms. A significant number of the surveyed foreign suppliers consist of the subsidiaries (affiliates) of another foreign parent company located overseas. Local suppliers in this category are generally one of the group companies affiliated to a holding (see Sect. 3.7.7).
- 26.
Higher level-tier suppliers can be DS or OS. As explained in Sect. 3.7, these firms are the suppliers of AMMs and operate in the automotive industry. If a surveyed firm’s main customer is DS or OS, this means that the surveyed firm is a low-tier supplier depending on the tier of this DS or OS. For instance, if DS is a 1st-tier supplier of any automotive manufacturer, then the supplier of this DS is 2nd-tier supplier.
- 27.
Raw material: Rubber, plastic, sponge, steel, aluminium, etc.; Intermediate goods: Various parts and components which are previously produced and used in the production of another good.
- 28.
This situation shows us that the firms that chose DS (OS) in the first degree chose OS (DS) in the second degree.
- 29.
In other words, the rate of the firms considering know-how transfer as “unimportant” (1 and 2 points) ranks first with 32 %.
- 30.
The implied meaning of the assistance refers to every help such as providing technical support, training, advice, and KTT.
- 31.
In other words, the rate of the firms which specified the profitability item as “decreased” category (1 and 2 points) ranks first with 25 %.
- 32.
The global supplier firms and AMMs conduct extensive cooperation on strategic subjects (such as R&D, innovation, design, and quality) generally at their main headquarters instead of the host countries in which they made investment or their factories are located (see Sect. 6.2).
- 33.
For details see Appendix J.
- 34.
Furthermore, when the items are examined together, on average 10 % of the firms chose 0 (no response), 35 % 1 (no cooperation), and 55 % a scale between 2 and 5 {25 % 2 (low) or 3 (medium), 30 % 4 (intense) or 5 (very intense)}.
- 35.
Here, the OS providing machinery-equipment and intermediate goods to the survey firms are concerned.
- 36.
DAMM, OAMM and foreign suppliers.
- 37.
“Technological product and process (TPP) innovation activities are all those scientific, technological, organizational, financial and commercial steps which actually, or are intended to, lead to the implementation of technologically new or improved products or processes. A technologically new product is a product whose technological characteristics or intended uses differ significantly from those of previously produced products. A technologically improved product is an existing product whose performance has been significantly enhanced or upgraded. Technological process innovation is the adoption of technologically new or significantly improved production methods, including methods of product delivery” (see OECD, 1997, pp. 32–39).
- 38.
- 39.
According to a study analysing the R&D activities of the firms with foreign capital operating in Turkish manufacture industry, the firms in automotive main industry trust their brands rather than patents to protect the innovations: See Erdil, Pamukçu, Erden, Göksidan, and Kepenek (2011).
- 40.
It is a standard measurement to measure the quality performances of the firms in automotive industry. It is generally measured as the parts per million (PPM). For example, this rate for a firm with 1,000 PPM means that 1,000 products per million manufactured or delivered by this firm are defective. These firms try to reduce this rate as much as possible.
- 41.
“Period required to complete one cycle of an operation; or to complete a function, job, or task from beginning to the end” (from http:\\businessdictionary.com).
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Sönmez, A. (2013). Survey Findings: Descriptive Analysis. In: Multinational Companies, Knowledge and Technology Transfer. Contributions to Management Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02033-4_4
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