Abstract
To reduce the risks caused by climate change is an immense challenge. Scientists, policy makers, developers, engineers, and many others have used Geographic Information System (GIS) technology to better understand a complex situation and offer some tangible solutions. Technology offers a means to assess, plan, and implement sustainable programs that can affect us in the future (ESRI India, GIS for climate change, 2010).
A GIS-based framework helps us gain a scientific understanding of earth systems at a truly global scale and leads to more thoughtful, informed decision-making. Climate change is a geographic problem, and solving takes geographic solutions. GIS is a tool to support transportation-related climate change decisions. However, the biggest challenge agencies face is a lack of sufficient data needed to effectively utilize the GIS tool. While GIS practitioners are able to provide meaningful analysis using the best available data, participants agreed that developing more refined data, particularly data that can assist with project level decisions, will greatly improve the ability to use GIS to make important decisions to mitigate for and adapt to climate change (ESRI India, GIS for climate change, 2010).
The software and hardware components are presented and discussed in detail. Geographic references, nonspatial and spatial data along with attributes are illustrated in this chapter. The procedures to collect spatial data, namely, survey techniques, remote sensing, and global positioning system along with types of data, are delineated with illustrations. Detailed information on the sources of data, map preparation, projection of coordinate system and registration of map is a part of the article. Application of GIS and geodata processing in meteorology, navigation, environment, developers, and law enforcing is discussed. Many GIS softwares are presented along with the detailed methodology MapInfo and ArcGIS.
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Gupta, N.J. (2014). Fundamentals of Geographical Information System (GIS), Map Sources, and Digital Map Preparation. In: Sundaresan, J., Santosh, K., Déri, A., Roggema, R., Singh, R. (eds) Geospatial Technologies and Climate Change. Geotechnologies and the Environment, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01689-4_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01689-4_15
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