Abstract
The concept of warm-temperate deciduous forest was re-proposed, from mid-temperate forest (Mid-Zone of Tanaka 1887), by Kira (1949, 1991, 2011), based on climatic data and values of his Warmth and Coldness Indices. T. Suzuki (1966) recognized this as the intermediate-temperate zone (Tsugion sieboldii). What kind of forests are warm-temperate forests in Asia? This chapter treats deciduous forests in eastern Asia, especially deciduous Quercus forests, and compares them, based on forest composition and climate data, with more typical temperate and cool-temperate Quercus forests. Quercus serrata forests, in most of eastern Asia, occur in drier, warmer climates than do Fagus forests and in climates that are colder in winter than the evergreen forest area. In Japan such forests are composed mainly of deciduous Quercus serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. variabilis, Castanea crenata, Carpinus tschonoskii, and C. laxiflora. This kind of forest occurs mainly as secondary forest preceding evergreen broad-leaved forest, in both Japan and Korea. Q. serrata and Q. variabilis forests occur naturally and secondarily in Korea and China too, the latter in particular as natural forest in Chinese protected areas. In Japan there is a natural Quercus serrata forest region in inland Honshū, around Nagano and Ueda, as mentioned by Kira (1949) and described by Wada (1977, 1982a, b). We compared these drier, warmer deciduous Quercus forests with Quercus forests in cooler climatic zones, dominated mainly by Q. mongolica var. crispula, Q. mongolica, and Q. wutaishanica. As a result, it appears that Quercus forests can be classified into ten forest types (see main text), which can be grouped into three broader forest classes: (1) warm-temperate forests, with Q. serrata, Q. brevipetiolata Q. variabilis, Q. acutissima and Q. aliena; (2) temperate forests, with Q. mongolica var. crispula and Q. dentata in Japan, Q. mongolica in the Beijing area and southern Chinese Manchuria, and Q. wutaishanica in drier southern Inner Mongolia and the northern Qinling Mts.; and (3) cool-temperate forests, especially mixed forests of Q. mongolica and conifers (Pinus koraiensis, Abies holophyla and A. homolepis) on the Asian mainland (China, Korea and Russia), plus Q. mongolica var. crispula and Abies sachalinensis in Japan. Under human impact, species from the warm-temperate Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis forest invade both the cooler Quercus mongolica and Q. mongolica var. crispula forest in China, Korea and Japan and the warmer evergreen broad-leaved forests in Japan and Korea. Potential natural sites of Q. serrata and Q. variabilis forest in East Asia are subject to laurophyllization, i.e. invasion by planted evergreen species, but laurophyllization from Quercus serrata forests to Q. mongolica forests does not occur in China. Q. variabilis forests occur in areas much drier than those of Q. mongolica and evergreen broad-leaved forests. Conclusions: (1) Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis forests are the main warm-temperate forests in East Asia; and (2) these species also invade as secondary elements into both temperate (deciduous) forests and warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests in East Asia. Similar laurophyllization also occurs in western Mediterranean areas with good soil, where evergreen broad-leaved species invade Quercus pubescens forests, especially in Insubria (southern low slopes of the European Alps) and near the glacial lakes. (3) These warm-temperate forests can be characterized by values of the Warmth and Coldness Indices and an annual moisture index (Box and Fujiwara 2013 and herein).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Box, E. O. 1995. Climatic Relations of the Forests of East and South-East Asia. In: Vegetation Science in Forestry: Global Perspective based on Forest Ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia. (E. O. Box et al., eds.), pp 23â55. Kluwer.
Box, E. O. 2002. Vegetation analogs and differences in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres: a global comparison. Plant Ecology, 163:139â154 (appendix missing â request from author).
Box, E. O. 2013 (herein). Quantitative Delimitation of Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forest Areas.In: Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forests around the Northern Hemisphere (E. O. Box and K. Fujiwara, eds.). Geobotanical Studies.
Box, E. O. and K. Fujiwara 2004 (2nd ed. 2013). Vegetation Types and their Broad-Scale Distribution. In: Vegetation Ecology (E. van der Maarel, ed.), pp. 106â128. Blackwell, Oxford.
Box, E. O. and K. Fujiwara 2012. A comparative look at bioclimatic zonation, vegetation types, tree taxa and species richness in Northeast Asia. Botanica Pacifica (Vladivostok), 1:5â12.
Box, E. O. and K. Fujiwara 2015 (herein). Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forests: Concept and Global overview. In: Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forests around the Northern Hemisphere (E. O. Box and K. Fujiwara, eds.). Geobotanical Studies.
Box, E. O. (ed.), R. K. Peet, T. Masuzawa, I. Yamada, K. Fujiwara and P. F. Maycock (co-eds.) 1995. Vegetation Science in Forestry: Global Perspective based on Forest Ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia. Handbook Vegetation Science, vol. 12/1. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 663 pp.
Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie, GrundzÃŒge der Vegetationskunde. 3rd ed.Springer-Verlag, Vienna. 613pp.
Cao K.-F. 1995. Fagus Dominance in Chinese Montane Forests: Natural regeneration of Fagus lucida and Fagus hayatae var. pashanica. Doctoral thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University. 116pp.
Chen W.-L. 1995. Subtropical Montane Deciduous Forests in Southern China. In: Vegetation Science in Forestry (E. O. Box et al., eds.), pp. 317-323. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Dress, M. 1953. Rules of phytosociological nomenclature tentatively proposed. Vegetatio, Fasc. 4:205-214 (Japanese translation by Y. Sasaki 1961: Hikobia, 2(2):135â233).
Ermakov, N. B. 1997. Forest of Daurian birch (Betula davurica) â an element of Manchurian forest-steppe in the vegetation of Siberia. Siberian J. Ecol., 1:57â66.
Ermakov, N., J. Dring, and J. Rodwell 2000. Classification of continental hemi-boreal forests of North Asia. Braun-Blanquetia, 28:1â131.
Fang J.-Y., Song Y.-Ch., Liu H.-Y. and Piao Sh.-L. 2002. Vegetation-climate relationship and its application in the division of vegetation zones in China. Acta Botanica Sinica, 44(9):1105â1122.
Fujiwara, K. 1987. Aims and methods of phytosociology or âvegetation scienceâ. In: Plant Ecology and Taxonomy to the memory of Dr. Satoshi Nakanishi, pp. 607â628. KÅbe Geobotanical Society, KÅbe.
Fujiwara, K. 1998.Vegetation shift in Japan and overview in warming. In: Abstracts, VII International Congress of Ecology, Firenze (A Farina et al., eds.), p. 147.
Fujiwara, K. (project leader) 2008. Integrated Vegetation Mapping of Asia. Report to Japan Society for Promotion of Science, project #16255003. 189pp.
Fujiwara, K. and E. O. Box 1999a. Evergreen broad-leaved forests in Japan and eastern North America. In: Recent Shifts in Vegetation Boundaries of Deciduous Forests (F. Klötzli & G.-R. Walther, eds.), pp 273â300. Birkhauser.
Fujiwara, K. and E. O. Box 1999b. Climate change and vegetation shift. In: Perspectives in Ecology: A glance at the VII International Congress of Ecology (Florence, July 1998) (A. Farina, ed.), pp 121â126. Blackhuys, Leiden.
Fujiwara, K., H. Fukutome, H. Tohma, N. Shimada, M. Watanabe and H. Saito 1997. [Vegetation in Iruma City: study for green environmental planning with symbiosis between humans and nature]. Bull. Kanagawa Vegetation Soc., vol. 2. 143pp (in Japanese, with English summary).
Fujiwara, K., Y. Kusumoto, T. Enomoto and H. Tojima 1999. [Vegetation in Hisai City]. Bull. Kanagawa Vegetation Society, vol. 4. 140pp (in Japanese with English summary).
Fujiwara, K. and T. Yoshino 2005. Does global change contribute to diversity in broadâleaved forests or is it only a "disturbance"? XVII International Botanical Congress, p.19.
Fujiwara, K., You H-M., A. Miyawaki, N. Shimada, K. Futami, N. Tsuge and R. Tanaka 2000.[Potential natural vegetation and proposals for restoration of green environments in Xuzhou City, China]. Handa City and Handa International Association. 81 pp (in Chinese, with English summary).
Gumarova, R. R. 1993. [Syntaxonomy of montane Korean pine-broadâleaved forests of the southern Sikhote Alin]. All-Union Inst. Scient. Techn. Information (VINITI), vol. 93, ms. N502. Vladivostok. 61pp (in Russian).
HÀmet-Ahti, L. T. Ahti and T. Koponen 1974. A scheme of vegetation zones for Japan and adjacent regions. Ann. Bot. Fenn., 11:59â88.
Hanazawa, M. 2006. [Vegetation ecology of secondary Quercus serrata forests in southern KantÅ (eastern Japan): species composition and vegetation distribution in the Tama and Miura Hills]. Masters Thesis, Yokohama National University. 39pp plus tables and figures (in Japanese).
Hayashi, A. 2000. [Species composition and maintenance mechanism of coppice forest of Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata secondary forest]. Masters Thesis, Yokohama National University. 16pp plus tables and figures (in Japanese).
Hibino, K. and A. Sasaki 1982. [Pollen analysis in northwest Nagano Prefecture]. Bull Agric. College Miyagi Prefecture, 30:93â101 (in Japanese).
Honda, S. 1912. [Forest Zones of Japan]. Miura-ShÅten, Tokyo. 400 pp (in Japanese).
Hoshino, Y. 1998. [Phytosociological studies of Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata forest in Japan]. Bull. Faculty Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 32:1â99(in Japanese).
Hotta, M. 1974. [History and Geography of Plants]. SanseidÅ. 400 pp (in Japanese).
Hukusima (Fukushima), T., H. Takasuna, T. Matsui, T. Nishio, Y. Kyan and Y. Tsunetomi 1995. Nihon-no buna-rin gunraku-no shokubutsu-shakai-teki shintaikei [New phytosociological classification of beech forests in Japan]. Japanese. J. Ecology, 45:79â98.
Igarashi, Y. 1997. [Development of Mixed Forest]. In: Natural History of HokkaidÅ (Y. Ono and Y. Igarashi, eds.), pp 202â203. HokkaidÅ University (in Japanese).
Kim J.-U. and Yim Y.-J. 1986. Classification of forest vegetation of Seonun-san area, southwestern Korea. Korean J. Ecology, 9(4):209â223.
Kim J.-W. 1990. A syntaxonomic scheme for the deciduous oak forest of South Korea. Abstracta Botanica, 14:51â81.
Kim J.-W. 1992. Vegetation of northeast Asia, on the syntaxonomy and syngeography of the oak and beech forest. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Vienna. 314pp.
Kim J.-W. and Choi B.-K. 2012. Discovering the essence of the Korean vegetation for field excursion â The spirit of place, Korea. World science Publishing, Seoul. 163pp.
Kim S.-D., M. Kimura and Yim Y.-J. 1986. Phytosociological studies on the beech (Fagus multinervis Nakai) forest and the pine (Pinus parviflora S. et Z.) forest of Ulreung Island, Korea. Korean J. Botany, 29(1):53â65.
Kira, T. 1945. NÅgyÅ Chirigaku-no KisÅ to shite no TÅ-A no Shin KikÅ Kubun (A new classification of climate in eastern Asia, as a basis for agricultural geography.) Horticult. Inst., Kyoto University. 23 pp (in Japanese).
Kira, T. 1949. Nippon-no shinrin-tai [Forest zones in Japan]. RingyÅ Kaisetsu, 17:105-141. Nippon RingyÅ Gijutsu KyÅkai,Tokyo; reprinted in Kira 1971, pp 105â141 (in Japanese).
Kira, T. 1976. [Terrestrial Ecosystems â a General Survey]. KyÅritsu-Shuppan, Tokyo. 166 pp (in Japanese).
Kira, T. 1977. A Climatological Interpretation of Japanese Vegetation Zones. In: Vegetation Science and Environmental Protection (A. Miyawaki, ed.), pp. 21â30. Maruzen, Tokyo
Kira, T. 1991. Forest ecosystems of East and Southeast Asia in a global perspective. Ecol. Research (Japan), 6:185-200. Reprinted in: Vegetation Science in Forestry (E. O. Box et al., eds.), pp. 1-21. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Kira, T. 2011. [Vegetation of Japan: Position of Japanese vegetation distribution in the world]. In: Collected Works of TatsuÅ Kira, vol. 1: Forest and Culture, pp 229â263. Shinju-sha (in Japanese).
Klötzli, F. and G.-R. Walther 1999. Recent Vegetation Shifts in Switzerland. In: Conference on Recent Shifts in Vegetation Boundaries of Deciduous Forests (F. Klötzli & G.-R. Walther, eds.), pp 15â29. BirkhÀuser, Basel.
Kobayashi, K., A. Muranaga, M. Takeda and O. Hasunuma 1976. [Vegetation around Takehara City]. Chūbu Electric Power and Urban Greenery Institute, Hiroshima. (In Japanese)
Kolbek, J., M. Srůtek and E. O. Box (eds.) 2003a. Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia. Kluwer. 462pp.
Kolbek, J., I. JarolÃmek and M. ValachoviÄ 2003b. Forest vegetation of the northern Korean Peninsula. In: Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (J. Kolbek et al., eds.), pp 263â361. Kluwer. Academic Publisher.
Krestov, P. V., Song J.-S., Y. Nakamura and V. P. Verkholat 2006. A phytosociological survey of the deciduous temperate forests of mainland Northeast Asia. Phytocoenologia, 36(1):77â150.
Menitsky, Yu. L. 2005. Oaks of Asia. Science Publishers, Inc. (Enfield, NH, and Plymouth, UK). 549pp (translated from Russian, originally published 1984 by Komarov Botanical Institute, Leningrad).
Miyawaki, A. (ed.) et al. 1980. [Vegetation of KyÅ«shÅ«]. Vol 1 of Nippon Shokusei Shi [Vegetation of Japan]. ShibundÅ, Tokyo. 484 pp + 30 phytosociological tables + 4 maps (in Japanese, with German summary).
Miyawaki, A. (ed.) et al. 1981-88. Volumes 2-9 of Nippon Shokusei Shi [Vegetation of Japan]. Each volume 400-700pp plus vegetation tables and color maps (in Japanese, with German or English summary). ShibundÅ, Tokyo.
Miyawaki, A. and 27 co-authors 1972. [Reale Vegetation der PrÀfektur Kanagawa]. Board of Education of Kanagawa Prefecture. 788pp (in Japanese, with German summary).
Miyawaki, A. and K. Fujiwara 1968. [Pflanzensoziologische Studien im âNeugestaltungsbezirkâ westlich Fujisawa bei Yokohama]. [Fujisawa Western Development Secretariat]. 44pp (in Japanese, with German summary).
Miyawaki, A. and K. Fujiwara 1984. Evergreen broad-leaved forests and secondary forests in the BÅsÅ Peninsula (SE parts of the KantÅ region). Bull. Inst. Envr. Sci. Tech., Yokohama Nat. Univ., 9:63â76.
Miyawaki, A., K. Fujiwara, H. Harada, T. Kusunoki and Sh. Okuda 1971. [Vegetation of Zushi City â Evergreen broad-leaved forests in Japan]. Zushi City Board of Education. 151pp (in Japanese, with German summary).
Miyawaki, A., K. Fujiwara and S. Ishii 1994. [Vegetation of Haramachi City, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan: Vegetation-ecological study for conservation and restoration of green environment near the northern limit of evergreen broad-leaved forest]. 89pp (in Japanese with English summary).
Miyawaki, A., T. Ohba, Sh. Okuda, K. Nakayama and K. Fujiwara 1968. [Phytosociological study of Echigo Sanzan and Okutadami, Niigata Pref. and Fukusima Pref., Japan]. In: [Scientific report on Echigo-Sanzan, Okutadami and their vicinity, Niigata and Fukushima Prefectures], pp 57â152. Nature Conservation Society of Japan, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Miyawaki, A. and K. Ohno 1996. [Vegetation of Kani City]. Kani City (in Japanese).
Murai, S. 1950. [Overview of forest vegetation in Aomori]. Regional Forestry Office. Aomori-RinyÅ«, 25:7â21 (in Japanese).
Nakanishi, S. 1983. [Vegetation and plants in Fagus and Quercus mongolica var. crispula forests]. In: Illustrated Book of the Vegetation of Japan (S. Nakanishi, ed.): I. Forests, pp 66â210. Shokokusha. (In Japanese)
Nakanishi, S., Y. Takeda and T. Hattori 1977. [Vegetation of the western part of Harima Province, HyÅgo Prefecture]. In: Soil, flora and vegetation of the western part of Harima Province, HyÅgo Prefecture (S. Nakanishi, ed.), pp 70â144. Society for Study of Vegetation in the western part of Harima Province. (In Japanese)
Nakanishi, Sawako 2004. [Species composition and environmental factors of the secondary forests in the southern KantÅ region, Japan]. Master Thesis of Yokohama National University. 39pp (in Japanese).
Nakano, H. 1942. [The forest community composition of the deciduous forest zone in HonshÅ«]. Shokubutsu-Seitai-GakuhÅ [Annals of Phytoecology], 2:57â72.
Nakashizuka, T. 2003. [Reconsideration of cool-temperate deciduous forest types in northern Japan]. Jap. J. Histor. Botany, 11(2):39â43 (in Japanese, with English abstract).
Nomenclature Committee 1969. International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature, I. Vegetatio, 32:131â185.
Nozaki, R. and K. Okutomi 1990. [Geographical distribution and zonal interpretation of intermediate-temperate forests in eastern Japan]. Japan. J. Ecology, 40:57â69 (in Japanese with English synopsis).
Numata, M. (ed.) 1974. The Flora and Vegetation of Japan. Kodansha (Tokyo), Elsevier (Amsterdam). 294 pp.
Numata, M. 1987. Shokubutsu-Seitaigaku-RonkÅ [Discourse on Plant Ecology]. Tokai Univ. Press. 918pp (in Japanese).
Numata, M., A. Miyawaki and D. Itow 1972. Natural and semi-natural vegetation in Japan. Blumea, 20:435-481 (with 26 photos, veg. maps, and altitudinal profile).
Ohba, T. 1973. [Ãber die Vegetation des Kiyutsu-Tales, Zentral-Japan]. [Nature Conservation Society], 43:57â128 (in Japanese, with German summary).
Ohashi, H. 1988. The new name instead of Quercus mongolica Fisch. var. grosseserrata (BL.) Rhd. & Wills. (Fagaceae). Japanese J. Bot., 63(1):13â14.
Ohno, K. 1977. [Temperate Forests (Cold-temperate forests)]. In: [Vegetation of TÅyama Prefecture] (A. Miyawaki, ed.), pp 230â233. Contrib. Dept. Vegetation Sci., Inst. Env. Sci. Tech., Yokohama Nat. Univ., 36 (in Japanese).
Okitsu, S. 2000. [Phytogeography of the major forests of northern Japan in northeastern Asia]. Bull. Geogr. Kokushikan Univ., 9:7â11 (in Japanese, with English abstract).
Okutomi, K. and Y. Hoshino 1983. [Phytosociological studies of the Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata forests in KantÅ and the TÅhoku region, Japan]. J. Phytogeog. & Taxon., 31:34â45 (in Japanese, with English summary).
Osumi, K. 2003. [Anthropogenic disturbances and the development of present cool-temperate forests in the Kitakami mountain Range]. Japan. J. Histor. Bot., 11(2):53â59 (in Japanese, with English abstract).
Qian H., P. V. Krestov, Fu P.-Y., Wang Q.-Li., Song J.-S. and Ch. Chourmouzis 2003. Phytogeography of Northeast Asia. In: Forest Vegetation of Northeast Asia (J. Kolbek, M. Å růtek, and E. O. Box, eds.), pp 51â91. Kluwer.
RÃŒbel, E. 1930. Pflanzengesellschaften der Erde. Verlag Hans Huber, Berlin.
Sakai, A. and W. Larcher 1987. Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 321pp.
Sasaki, K. 1991. [Birth of Japanese History]. Shuei-sha. 366pp (in Japanese).
Sasaki, K. 1993. [Exploring the Substrate of Japanese Culture: Deciduous-Oak Culture and Laurel-Forest Culture]. NHK Books. 253pp (in Japanese).
Sasaki, K. 1996. [Two Deciduous Oak zones in East Asia and Deciduous Oak Culture]. In: Proceedings, 88-year Memorial for Dr. N. Kokubu. âAnthropology of People, Goods and Wordsâ (M. Ryu, ed.), pp 317â330. Keiyu-sha (in Japanese).
Sasaki, K. 1998. [Deciduous oak forest culture considered: Cultural ecology in the cultural substrate of Northeast Asia]. In: [Region, Culture and Farming Community] (K. Sasaki, ed.), pp 311â348. Taimei-do (in Japanese).
Sasaki, Y. 1970. Versuch zur systematischen und geographischen Gliederung der japanischen Buchenwald-Gesellschaften. Vegatatio, 20:214â249.
Sasaki, Ya. 1984. [Phytosociological study of vegetation of Fagetea crenatae in western Japan. I. Phytosociological vegetation units]. Social Science Review (Saitama University Economics Laboratory), 53:129â181 (in Japanese).
Shimada, N. 1997. [A study of distribution of the summergreen secondary forests and their environmental factors in the northern Chūbu region, based on vegetation science]. Master Thesis, Yokohama National University. 16pp + figures and tables (in Japanese).
Song J.-S. 1988. [Phytosociological study of the mixed conifer and deciduous broad-leaved forests in South Korea]. Hikobia, 10:145â156 (in Japanese).
Song J.-S., Roh K.-S., Chung H.-S., Song S.-D., K. Ohno and Y. Mochida 1999. [Phytosociology of the Quercus forests on Mts. Palgong, Kumo, and Hwangak in the city areas of Taegu, Kumi and Kimchon, Kyongpook province, Korea]. Korean J. Environm. Ecology, 13:220â233 (in Korean, with English abstract).
Song J.-S., Song S.-D., Park J.-H., Seo B.-B., Chung H.-S., Roh K.-S. and Kim I.-S. 1995. [A phytosociological study of Quercus mongolica forests on Mt. Sobaek by ordination and classification techniques]. Korean J. Ecology, 18:63â87 (in Korean, with English abstract).
Suzuki, S. 2001. [Phytosociological classification system of the Quercus serrata forests in Japan]. Shokusei-gaku [Vegetation Science],18:61â74 (in Japanese, with English synopsis).
Suzuki, S. 2002a. [Phytosociological study of summergreen broad-leaved forests in Japan]. Doctoral thesis, Yokohama National University. 139pp (in Japanese).
Suzuki, S. 2002b. [Phytosociological studies on the Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata forests in comparison with Quercus serrata forests in Japan]. Eco-Habitat, 9(1):1â23 (in Japanese, with English synopsis).
Suzuki, S. 2006. [Review of the phytosociological vegetation units in the Fagus japonica forest in Japan, based on comparison of the related forest vegetation]. Eco-Habitat, 13(1):33â42 (in Japanese with English synopsis).
Suzuki, S., Y. Nakamura, K. Kawano, Wang X. and Da L. 2003. [Phytosociological study on the deciduous oak forests in eastern China]. Eco-Habitat, 10(1):85â103 (in Japanese, with English synopsis).
Suzuki, T. 1961. [Forest zones of Japan]. Chiri [Geography], 6:1036â1043 (in Japanese).
Suzuki, T. 1966. [Preliminary system of Japanese natural communities]. Jap. Soc. Forest Environm., 8(1):1â12 (in Japanese, with English abstract).
Takahashi, K. 1962. [Studies on vertical distribution of forest in middle HonshÅ«]. Bull. Forest Exp. Sta., 142:1â71 (in Japanese).
Takeda, Y., S. Uemura and S. Nakanishi 1983. [Phytosociological study of Quercus mongolica var. grosseserrata forests in HokkaidÅ]. Acquisition of the Faculty of Education, KÅbe University 71:105â122 (in Japanese).
Takeda, Y., S. Nakanishi and Choe D. 1994. Phytosociological study on natural summergreen forests in Korea. Ecological Research, 9: 21â32.
Tanaka, J. 1887. [Report on the Forest Zones of Japan]. Ministry of Home Affairs, Tokyo. 176pp (in Japanese).
Tang Q. 2010. Phytosociological study of deciduous Quercus forest in the warm-temperate zone of China. Doctoral Thesis, Yokohama National University. 52pp.
Tang Q., K. Fujiwara and You H.-M. 2008. Warm-Temperate Deciduous Quercus Forest in China.In: Integrated Vegetation Mapping of Asia (K. Fujiwara, project leader), pp 114â123. Grant Report (see Fujiwara 2008).
Tang Q., K. Fujiwara and You H.-M. 2009. Phytosociological study of deciduous Quercus forest in the warm-temperate zone of China: Primary study of different kinds of Quercus communities. Hikobia, 15(3):311â322.
Tang Q., K. Fujiwara and You H.-M. 2015 (herein). Phytosociological study of Quercus variabilis forest in warm-temperate China. In: Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forests around the Northern Hemisphere (E. O. Box and K. Fujiwara, eds.). Geobotanical Studies.
Tatewaki, M. 1955. [Pan-mixed zone]. HoppÅ RingyÅ (Northern Forestry), 7(11):8â11 (in Japanese).
Tatewaki, M. 1958. [Forest ecology of the islands of the north Pacific Ocean]. J. Facul. Agricul., HokkaidÅ Univ., 50:371â486 + 50 plates (in Japanese).
Tohyama, M. and Y. Mochida 1978. [Vegetation of the deciduous broad-leaved forest of the eastern Iburi district in HokkaidÅ, Japan]. In: Papers on Plant Ecology to the Memory of Dr. Kuniji Yoshioka, pp 134â149 (in Japanese).
Tsuji, S. 2001. [Vegetation-ecological study of Quercus serrata secondary forests in Japan]. Tokyo Vegetation Research Association (in Japanese).
Ushijima, S., 2007. [A phytosociological study on forest vegetation in Atami and its vicinity]. Master Thesis, Yokohama National University. 18pp plus tables and figures (in Japanese).
Wada, K. 1977. [Forest vegetation in the montane belt in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan, with special reference to the âtemperierter Ekotonâ]. Bull. Bot. Soc. Nagano, 10:90â96 (in Japanese).
Wada, K. 1982a. [Phytosociological studies on the summergreen forests in inland central Japan: I]. J. Facult. Educ., ShinshÅ« Univ., 20:1â39 (in Japanese, with English synopsis).
Wada, K. 1982b. [Phytosociological studies on the summergreen forests in inland central Japan: II]. J. Facult. Educ. ShinshÅ« Univ., 48:221â254 (in Japanese).
Walter, H. 1973. Die Vegetation der Erde, in öko-physiologischer Betrachtung. Vol. I: Die tropischen und subtropischen Zonen. 3rd ed. Gustav-Fischer-Verlag, Jena-Stuttgart. 744 pp.
Wang L. 2007. [Vegetation-ecological study of deciduous broad leaved forests in Heilongjiang Province, China]. Doctoral Thesis, Yokohama National University. 68pp (in Japanese).
Wang L., K. Fujiwara and You H.-M. 2006. A vegetation-ecological study of deciduous broad-leaved forests in Heilongjiang province, China: species composition, structure, distribution and phytosociological scheme. Hikobia, 14:431â457.
Wang Z.-X. and K. Fujiwara 2003. A preliminary vegetation study of Fagus forests in central China: species composition, structure and ecotypes. J. Phytogeogr. Taxon., 51:137â157.
Wang Z.-X., K. Fujiwara and Lei Y. 2005. [Phytosociological study of the Fagus lucida forests and Fagus engleriana forests in China]. J. Phytogeogr. Taxon., 53:43â65 (in Japanese, with English abstract).
Wang Z.-X., Lei Y. and K. Fujiwara 2006. Community classification, species composition, and regeneration of Fagus lucida forests in subtropical mountains, China. Biodiversity Science, 14:29â40.
Wu Zh.-Yi and committee (eds.) 1980, 1995. Zhongguo Zhibei [Vegetation of China]. Science Press, Beijing. 1375 pp + 339 B/W photos; 1382 pp + photos (in Chinese; Latin-Chinese species lists).
Wu Zh.-Yi and P. H. Raven (eds.) 1999. Flora of China. 4 vols. Science Press, Beijing. 374pp.
Yamanaka, T. 1969. [Study of secondary forest in southern Shikoku]. Bull. Educ., KÅchi Univ., 12:57â59 (in Japanese).
Yasuda, Y. 1984. [The Sea of Japan: Influences on the evolution of Japanese civilization and environment]. Bull. Natnl. Museum of Ethnology, 9(4):761â798 (in Japanese).
Yim Y.-J. 1977. Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. Jap. J. Ecol., 27:177-189, 269-278.
Yim Y.-J. 1995. Composition and Distribution of Deciduous Broad-Leaved Forests in Korea. In: Vegetation Science in Forestry (E. O. Box et al., eds.), pp. 273â298. Kluwer, Dordrecht.
Yim Y.-J. and T. Kira 1975-76. Distribution of forest vegetation and climate in the Korean Peninsula. Parts 1 and 2. Jap. J. Ecol., 25:77-88, 26:157-164.
Yim Y.-J., Kim J.-U., Lee N.-J., Kim Y.-B. and Paek K.-S. 1990. Phytosogiological classification of plant communities on Mt. Halla National Park, Korea. Korean J. Ecol., 13(2):101â130.
Yoshioka, K. 1935. [Study of vegetation on Mt. Zao]. Ecol. Research, 1:107â116, 212â224, 327â338 (in Japanese).
Yoshioka, K. 1954a. [Forest community study, 4th report: Forests at the northern limit of Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii forest]. Seitai-Gakkai-HÅ [Ecological Research], 3:219â229 (in Japanese).
Yoshioka, K. 1954b. [Forest community study, 5th report: Forests at the northern limit of evergreen Quercus forests]. Bull. Science, Fukushima University, 12:57â59 (in Japanese).
You H.-M. 2001. [Vegetation-ecological Study of Quercus mongolica Forests in China]. Doctoral Thesis, Yokohama National University. 67pp (in Japanese).
You H.-M., K. Fujiwara and Tang Q. 2008. Quercus liaotungensis forest in China. In: Integrated Vegetation Mapping of Asia (K. Fujiwara, project leader), pp. 91â101. Report for Research Grant-In-Aid #16255003.
You H.-M., K. Fujiwara, Wu S.-J. and Wang X.-L. 2001. A preliminary vegetation-ecological study of Quercus mongolica forests in China. J. Phytogeogr. Taxon., 49:31â51.
Zhao Y.-Zh. and Tian H. 2001. [Taxonomic revision and floristic analysis of Quercus in Inner Mongolia]. Inner Mongolia University Study Reports, 32(4):470â472 (in Chinese).
Zhi-Rong, K. Fujiwara, K. Ohno and Zhao Y. 2010. [Phytosociological study of the Quercus mongolica forests in the Da Xing'an Ling, China]. Eco-Habitat, 17(1):59â79 (in Japanese with English synopsis).
Acknowledgements
We like to express gratitude to Dr. Pavel Krestov, Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Vladivostok, for providing original tables after publishing his paper. It was great work and helped our work very much. We also thank Prof. Shinichi Suzuki, Tokyo University of Agriculture, for providing his synoptic table. He worked hard on the syntaxonomy of Quercus serrata and Q. mongolica forest. We sincerely thank them for their goodwill. We also express our thanks to Dr. Jean-Paul Theurillat, Centre Alpien de Phytogéographie, Champex-Lac, for giving syntaxonomical advice. We also thank greatly Dr. You Hai-Mei, Dr. Wang Lin, Dr. Zhi Rong and Dr. Zhao, in China, who have worked in the field together with us since 1999. We also thank Prof. Elgene Box (University of Georgia) for English editing.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix 1. References of Table 1 and original syntaxonomical name.
Appendix 1. References of Table 1 and original syntaxonomical name.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fujiwara, K., Harada, A. (2015). Character of Warm-Temperate Quercus Forests in Asia. In: Box, E., Fujiwara, K. (eds) Warm-Temperate Deciduous Forests around the Northern Hemisphere. Geobotany Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01261-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01261-2_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-01260-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-01261-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)