Abstract
Single active devices often have a rather poor behavior regarding accuracy of their transfers, high-frequency behavior, linearity, etc. To improve the accuracy of the transfers, special combinations of active devices have been developed. These combinations often consist of two active devices connected in such a way that the total behavior of the combination is that of one active device with improved behavior.
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- 1.
In deep sub-micron technology (cmos \(\le \) 90 nm), the low value of \(r_{o2}\) lowers \(Y_{inCF}\). The designer should therefore check for proper cascode behavior.
- 2.
When the same devices are used for the ce and cb stages, and the biasing of the devices is the same, this reduces to \(C_{\mu 1{\textsc {ce}}}=2C_{\mu {\textsc {ce}}}\).
- 3.
\(C_{gd1{\textsc {cs}}}=2C_{gd{\textsc {cs}}}\) in case of equal fets and equal biasing.
- 4.
In case of the fetdifferential stage, \(Q_1\) and \(Q_2\) should be replaced by \(M_1\) and \(M_2\), respectively.
- 5.
In this work, feedback in amplifiers is usually denoted by \(\beta \). To prevent confusion with \(\beta \), feedback action is denoted by \(\kappa \) in the superposition model of the differential stage.
- 6.
Under the assumption that the nonlinearity of the fetoutput conductance is negligible, e.g., due to cascoding.
- 7.
When there is finite isolation between the input and output of the differential stage Fig. 4.6 has to be used. However, when the effect of \(C_\mu \) is negligible, e.g., at relatively low frequencies, this model and the following equations apply.
- 8.
version of 2007 (which is equal to the version of 2012).
- 9.
Deriving (4.22) results in \(r_{\pi 2}\frac{g_{m2}}{g_{m1}}\left( 1+\frac{R_{l1}}{r_{o1}}\right) = \frac{\beta _{ac2}}{g_{m1}}\left( 1+\frac{R_{l1}}{r_{o1}}\right) =r_{\pi 1a}\left( 1+\frac{R_{l1}}{r_{o1}}\right) \) for the numerator.
- 10.
The low-frequency inaccuracy of the linear transfer is 1.5 \(\%\) and the maximal inaccuracy found in the emi calculation is 2.8 \(\%\), in this example.
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van der Horst, M.J., Serdijn, W.A., Linnenbank, A.C. (2014). The Cascode and Differential Amplifier Stages. In: EMI-Resilient Amplifier Circuits. Analog Circuits and Signal Processing, vol 118. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00593-5_4
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