Abstract
Aquatic cryptodiran turtles of the clades Emydidae, Chelydridae, Geoemydidae, Kinosternidae, and Trionychidae are the most recent Mesoamerican immigrants to South America, arriving in various waves from the Miocene 12 million years ago (prior to the emergence of the Panamanian Isthmus) to the Plio-Pleistocene and Holocene (after the establishment of this isthmus). With the exception of Trionychidae, the remaining cryptodiran clades are still present in the South American chelonian fauna.
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de la Fuente, M.S., Sterli, J., Maniel, I. (2014). Aquatic Cryptodiran Turtles: The Most Recent Island Hoppers. In: Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles. Springer Earth System Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00518-8_2
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