Abstract
The philosophy of geosimulation is to model spatial processes either as auto-correlative physical geographical processes or as cross-correlative socio-spatial processes. This chapter refers to the latter and stresses that conflating social and spatial phenomena in time needs to consider scale, in all three dimensions, as an explicit distinctive factor to adequately understand the interlinked processes at hand. With respect to residential segregation modeling, it is illustrated that agent-based simulation models mainly focus on the individual, local, and short-term scale in order to detect the generative mechanisms which lead to socially, spatially, and temporarily large-scale structures. The chapter argues that, although leading to thought-provoking results, this bottom-up approach should be complemented by an explicit macro-scale implementation of social and spatial structures. In so doing, social and regional circumstances for ancient societies can be analyzed more comprehensively. Contemporary agent-based modeling and geographic information systems’ software tools are capable of incorporating such complexities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aldenderfer M (2010) Seeing and Knowing: On the Convergence of Archaeological Simulation and Visualization. In: Costopoulos A, Lake MW (eds) Simulating Change: Archaeology into the Twenty-First Century. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 53–68
Axelrod R (1997) Advancing the Art of Simulation in the Social Sciences. In: Conte R, Hegselmann R, Terna P (eds) Simulating Social Phenomena. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, vol 456. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, pp 21–40
Batty M (2005) Cities and Complexities: Understanding Cities with Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models, and Fractals. The MIT Press, Cambridge/London
Belting H (2005) Das Echte Bild: Bildfragen Als Glaubensfragen (The True Image: Issues of Images as Issues of Belief). C.H. Beck, Munich
Benenson I, Torrens PM (2004) Geosimulation: Automata-Based Modeling of Urban Phenomena. Wiley, New York
Berger JF, Nuninger L, van der Leeuw SE (2007) Modeling the role of resilience in socioenvironmental co-evolution: the Middle Rhône Valley between 1000 BC and AD 1000. In: Kohler TA, van der Leeuw SE (eds) The Model-Based Archaeology of Socionatural Systems. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, NM, pp 41–59
Bossel H (2007) Systems and Models: Complexity, Dynamics, Evolution, Sustainability. Books on Demand, Norderstedt
Bruch E (2006) Residential Mobility, Income Inequality, and Race/Ethnic Segregation in Los Angeles. In: Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America. http://paa2006.princeton.edu/papers/60143
Conte R, Hegselmann R, Terna P (eds) (1997) Simulating Social Phenomena. Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, vol 456. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York
Costopoulos A (2010) For a Theory of Archaeological Simulation. In: Costopoulos A, Lake MW (eds) Simulating Change: Archaeology into the Twenty-First Century. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 21–27
Costopoulos A, Lake MW (eds) (2010) Simulating Change: Archaeology into the Twenty-First Century. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City
Costopoulos A, Lake MW, Gupta N (2010) Introduction. In: Costopoulos A, Lake MW (eds) Simulating Change: Archaeology into the Twenty-First Century. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 1–8
Crooks AT (2008) Constructing and Implementing an Agent-Based Model of Residential Segregation Through Vector GIS. UCL Working Papers Series, Paper 133. Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, London. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/15185/
Crooks AT (2012) The Use of Agent-Based Modelling for Studying the Social and Physical Environment of Cities. In: de Roo G, Hiller J, van Wezemael J (eds) Complexity and Planning: Systems, Assemblages and Simulations. Ashgate, Burlington, pp 360–393
Crooks AT, Castle CJE (2012) The Integration of Agent-Based Modelling and Geographic Information for Geospatial Simulation. In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/ New York, pp 219–251
Crooks AT, Heppenstall AJ (2012) Introduction to Agent-Based Modelling. In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 85–105
Dean JS, Gumerman GJ, Epstein JM, Axtell RL, Swedlund AC, Parker MT, McCarroll S (2000) Understanding Anasazi Culture Change Through Agent-Based Modeling. In: Kohler TA, Gumerman GJ (eds) Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York
Diamond J (2004) Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. Viking Adult, New York
Diamond J (2012) The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies. Allen Lane, London
Easterling WE, Polsky C (2004) Crossing the Divide: Linking Global and Local Scales in Human-Environment Systems. In: Sheppard E, McMaster RB (eds) Scale & Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method. Blackwell Publishing, Malden/Oxford/Carlton, pp 66–85
Epstein JM (2006) Generative Social Science. Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling. Princeton University Press, Princeton/Oxford
Epstein JM, Axtell R (1996) Growing Artificial Societies: Social Science from the Bottom Up. Brookings Press/MIT Press, Washington/Cambridge/London
Fischer EP, Wiegandt K (2012) Dimensionen der Zeit: Die Entschleunigung unseres Lebens. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main
Fossett M, Senft R (2004) SimSeg and Generative Models: A Typology of Model-Generated Segregation Patterns. In: Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Social Dynamics: Interaction, Reflexivity, Emergence, pp 39–78
Fossett M, Waren W (2005) Overlooked implications of ethnic preferences for residential segregation in agent based models. Urban Stud 42(11):1893–1917
Geertz C (1983) Local Knowledge. Fontana Press, London
Giddens A (1990) The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Gigerenzer G (2007) Gut Feelings: The Intelligence of the Unconscious. Viking Adult, New York
Gimblett RH (ed) (2002) Integrating Geographic Information Systems and Agent-Based Modeling Techniques for Simulating Social and Ecological Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York
Gimblett RH, Skov-Petersen H (eds) (2008) Monitoring, Simulation, and Management of Visitor Landscapes. The University of Arizona Press, Tucson
Han J, Kamber M (2006) Data Mining. Concepts and Techniques, 2nd edn. Elsevier, San Francisco
Hegselmann R (2012) Thomas C. Schelling and the computer: some notes on Schelling’s essay “on letting a computer help with the work”. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 15(4):9. http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/15/4/9.html
Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (2012) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York
Holland JH (1998) Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Ihde D (2006) Models, Models Everywhere. In: Lenhard J, Küppers G, Shinn T (eds) Simulation: Pragmatic Construction of Reality. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 79–86
Iltanen S (2012) Cellular Automata in Urban Spatial Modelling. In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 69–84
Janssen MA (2010) Population aggregation in ancient arid environments. Ecol Soc 15(2). http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol15/iss2/art19/
Johnson S (2001) Emergence. Scribner, New York/London/Toronto/Sydney
Johnston K (2012) Agent Analyst: Agent-Based Modeling in ArcGIS. EsriPress, Redlands
Johnston K, Ver Hoef JM, Krivoruchko K, Lucas N (2001) Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. EsriPress, Redlands
Kennedy WG (2012) Modelling human behaviour in agent-based models. In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 167–179
Knox P, Pinch S (2006) Urban Social Geography: An Introduction, 5th edn. Pearson, Harlow
Koch A (2009) Agents in space meet spatial agents: modeling segregation as a complex spatially explicit phenomenon. Eur J GIS Spat Anal 19(4):471–491
Koch A (2012) The Logics of Change: A Relational and Scale-Sensitive View on Poverty, Place, Identity, and Social Transformation. In: Kapferer E, Koch A, Sedmak C (eds) The Logics of Change. Poverty, Place, Identity, and Social Transformation Mechanisms. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne
Koch A, Carson D (2012) Spatial, Social and Temporal Scaling in Sparsely Populated Areas - Geospatial Mapping and Simulation Techniques to Investigate Social Diversity. In: Jekel T, Car A, Strobl J, Griesebner G (eds) GI_Forum 2012: Geovisualization, Society and Learning. Wichmann, Heidelberg, pp 44–53
Kohler TA, Gumerman GJ (eds) (2000) Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies. Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York
Kohler TA, van der Leeuw SE (eds) (2007) The Model-Based Archaeology of Socionatural Systems. School for Advanced Research Resident Scholar Book, Santa Fe
Kohler TA, Kresl J, van West C, Carr E, Wilshusen RH (2000) Be There Then: A Modeling Approach to Settlement Determinants and Spatial Efficiency Among Late Ancestral Pueblo Populations of the Mesa Verde Region, U.S. Southwest. In: Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York
Küppers G, Lenhard J, Shinn T (2006) Computer Simulation: Introductory Essay. In: Lenhard J, Küppers G, Shinn T (eds) Simulation. Pragmatic Construction of Reality. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 1–22
Lake MW (2000) MAGICAL Computer Simulation of Mesolithic Foraging. In: Kohler TA, Gumerman GJ (eds) Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies: Agent-Based Modeling of Social and Spatial Processes. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York, pp 107–143
Lake MW (2010) The Uncertain Future of Simulating the Past. In: Costopoulos A, Lake MW (eds) Simulating Change: Archaeology into the Twenty-First Century. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 12–20
Latour B (2005) Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Laurie AJ, Jaggi NK (2003) Role of ‘vision’ in neighborhood racial segregation: a variant of the Schelling segregation model. Urban Stud 40(13):2687–2704
Leuangthon O, Khan DK, Deutsch CV (2008) Solved Problems in Geostatistics. Wiley, New York
Liu Y, Feng Y (2012) A Logistic Based Cellular Automata Model for Continuous Urban Growth Simulation: A Case Study of the Gold Coast City, Australia. In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 643–662
Lloyd C (2007) Local Models for Spatial Analysis. CRC Press Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton/London/New York
Luhmann N (1993) Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main
Magis K (2010) Community resilience: an indicator of social sustainability. Soc Nat Resour 23:401–416
Maguire DJ, Batty M, Goodchild MF (eds) (2005) GIS, Spatial Analysis, and Modeling. ESRI Press, Redlands
Manson SM, Sun S, Bonsal D (2012) Agent-Based Modeling and Complexity. In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 125–139
McMaster RB, Sheppard E (2004) Scale and Geographic Inquiry. In: Sheppard E, McMaster RB (eds) Scale & Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method. Blackwell Publishing, Malden/Oxford/Carlton, pp 1–22
Miller HJ, Han J (2009) Geographic Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton/London/New York
Mithen SJ (1994) Simulating Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers. In: Gilbert N, Doran J (eds) Simulating Societies: The Computer Simulation of Social Phenomena. UCL Press, London, pp 165–193
Moss S, Davidsson P (eds) (2001) Multi-Agent-Based Simulation. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol 1979. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Openshaw S (1984) The Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. GeoBooks, Norwich
O’Sullivan D, Millington J, Perry G, Wainwright J (2012) Agent-Based Models - Because They’re Worth it? In: Heppenstall A, Crooks AT, See LM, Batty M (eds) Agent-Based Models of Geographical Systems. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York, pp 109–123
Pancs R, Vriend NJ (2007) Schelling’s spatial proximity model of segregation revisited. J Public Econ 91:1–24
Patel A, Crooks AT, Koizumi N (2012) Slumulation: an agent-based modeling approach to slum formations. J Artif Soc Soc Simul 15(4). http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/15/4/2.html
Rao AS, Georgeff MP (1995) BDI-Agents: From Theory to Practice. In: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multi-Agent-Systems. AAAI Press, Menlo, pp 312–319
Reitsma F, Albrecht J (2006) A Process-Oriented Data Model. In: Drummond J, Billen R, Forrest D, ao EJ (eds) Dynamic and Mobile GIS: Investigating Change in Space and Time. Taylor & Francis, London, pp 77–87
Remy N, Boucher A, Wu J (2009) Applied Geostatistics with SGeMS. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Resnick M (1997) Turtles, Termites, and Traffic Jams: Explorations in Massively Parallel Microworlds. MIT Press, Cambridge/London
Schelling TC (1969) Models of Segregation. In: American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol 59, pp 488–493
Schelling TC (1971) Dynamic models of segregation. J Math Sociol 1(2):143–186
Schmidt B (2002) Modelling of Human Behaviour: The PECS Reference Model. In: Proceedings of the 14th European Simulation Symposium, SCS Europe BVBA
Scholz F (2002) Die Theorie der fragmentierenden Entwicklung. Geographische Rundschau 54(10):6–11
Searle JR (2010) Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Sennett R (2012) Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation. Yale University Press, New Haven/London
Sichman JS, Conte R, Gilbert N (eds) (1998) Multi-Agent Systems and Agent-Based Simulation. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol 1534. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg
Smith EA, Choi JK (2007) The Emergence of Inequality in Small-Scale Societies: Simple Scenarios and Agent-Based Simulations. In: Kohler TA, van der Leeuw SE (eds) The Model-Based Archaeology of Socionatural Systems. School for Advanced Research Resident Scholar Book, Santa Fe, pp 105–119
Squazzoni F (2012) Agent-Based Computational Sociology. Wiley, New York
Stachowiak H (1973) Allgemeine Modelltheorie. Springer, Wien/New York
Swyngedouw E (2004) Scaled Geographies: Nature, Place, and the Politics of Scale. In: Scale & Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method. Blackwell Publishing, Malden/Oxford/Carlton, pp 129–153
Tate NJ, Atkinson PM (eds) (2001) Modelling Scale in Geographical Information Science. Wiley, New York
Troitzsch KG, Mueller U, Gilbert GN, Doran JE (eds) (1996) Social Science Microsimulation. Springer, Dordrecht/Heidelberg/London/New York
van der Loo H, van Reijen W (1992) Modernisierung. Projekt und Paradox. dtv, Munich
Walsh SJ, Crews-Meyer KA, Crawford TW, Welsh WF (2004) Population and Environment Interactions: Spatial Considerations in Landscape Characterization and Modeling. In: Scale & Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and Method. Blackwell Publishing, Malden/Oxford/ Carlton, pp 41–65
Wang F (2006) Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS. CRC Press Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton/London/New York
Wilensky U (1999) NetLogo. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/
Wobst MH (2010) Discussant’s Comments, Computer Simulation Symposium, Society for American Archaeology. In: Costopoulos A, Lake MW (eds) Simulating Change. Archaeology into the Twenty-First Century. The University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp 9–11
Wolfram S (2002) A New Kind of Science. Wolfram Media, Champaign
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Koch, A. (2015). Geosimulation: Modeling Spatial Processes. In: Wurzer, G., Kowarik, K., Reschreiter, H. (eds) Agent-based Modeling and Simulation in Archaeology. Advances in Geographic Information Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00008-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00008-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-00007-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-00008-4
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)