Abstract
In this chapter we provide a theoretical framework based on the nonlinear theory of elasticity that can be used as the background against which the mechanical properties of soft biological tissue can be analyzed by comparing theory with experimental data. Of particular concern will be the elastic properties of arterial wall tissue. The results of mechanical testing are important for the characterization of the material properties through appropriate consitutive laws that are essential for the simulation of, for example, clinical procedures that involve deformation of the tissue. An important constituent of soft tissue is its fibrous structure, particularly the arrangement of collagen fibres. These fibres have a strong influence on the mechanical properties of the tissue and, in particular, they endow the material with anisotropic properties. This anisotropy features in our analysis and is accounted for by one or more families of preferred directions within the constitutive description. Particular attention is focused on biaxial deformations for both transversely isotropic materials and a general class of anisotropic materials. Specific constitutive laws are discussed for models based on invariants, incorporating the influence of fibre orientation and dispersion, and on constitutive formulations based directly on the Green strain tensor. The theory is illustrated by application to a prototype boundary-value problem, namely the extension and inflation of a circular cylindrical tube, representing an artery. Some attention is focused on questions related to the convexity and strong ellipticity of the constitutive laws since these issues are important for the appropriateness of the models from the mathematical point of view, for questions of material and structural stability and for stability of numerical schemes, including finite element computations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
H. Abè, K. Hayashi, and M. Sato, editors, Data Book on Mechanical Properties of Living Cells, Tissues and Organs. Springer, 1996.
P. B. Canham, H. M. Finlay, J. G. Dixon, D. R. Boughner, and A. Chen Measurements from light and polarised light microscopy of human coronary arteries fixed at distending pressure. Cardiovasc. Res. 23:973–982, 1989.
C. J. Chuong and Y. C. Fung. Three-dimensional stress distribution in arteries. J. Biomech. Eng. 105:268–274, 1983.
R. H. Cox. Regional variation of series elasticity in canine arterial smooth muscles. Am. J. Physiol. 234:H542–H551, 1978.
A. Delfino, N. Stergiopulos, J. E. Moore, and J.-J. Meister., Residual strain effects on the stress field in a thick wall finite element model of the human carotid bifurcation. J. Biomech. 30:777–786, 1997.
H. Demiray. A note on the elasticity of soft biological tissues. J. Biomech. 5:309–311, 1972.
H. Demiray and R. P. Vito. A layered cylindrical shell model for an aorta. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 29:47–54, 1991.
H. Demiray, H. W. Weizsäcker, K. Pascale, and H. A. Erbay. A stress-strain relation for a rat abdominal aorta. J. Biomech. 21:369–374, 1988.
S. X. Deng, J. Tomioka, J. C. Debes, and Y. C. Fung. New experiments on shear modulus of elastic arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 266:H1–H10, 1994.
S. Dokos, I. J. LeGrice, B. H. Smaill, J. Kar, and A. A. Young. A triaxialmeasurement shear-test device for soft biological tissues. J. Biomech. Eng. 122:471–478, 2000.
S. Dokos, B. H. Smaill, A. A. Young, and I. J. LeGrice. Shear properties of passive ventricular myocardium. Am. J. Physiol. 283:H2650–H2659, 2002.
H. M. Finlay, L. McCullough, and P. B. Canham., Three-dimensional collagen organization of human brain arteries at different transmural pressures. J. Vasc. Res. 32:301–312, 1995.
H. M. Finlay, P. Whittaker, and P. B. Canham. Collagen organization in the branching region of human brain arteries. Stroke 29:1595–1601, 1998.
A. D. Freed, D. R. Einstein, and I. Vesely. Invariant formulation for dispersed transverse isotropy in aortic heart valves. An efficient means for modeling fiber splay. Biomech. Model. Mechanobio. 4:100–117, 2005.
Y. B. Fu and R. W. Ogden, editors. Nonlinear Elasticity: Theory and Applications. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Y. C. Fung. Elasticity of soft tissues in simple elongation. Am. J. Physiol. 213:1532–1544, 1967.
Y. C. Fung, K. Fronek, and P. Patitucci. Pseudoelasticity of arteries and the choice of its mathematical expression. Am. J. Physiol. 237:H620–H631, 1979.
T. C. Gasser, R. W. Ogden, and G. A. Holzapfel. Hyperelastic modelling of arterial layers with distributed collagen fibre orientations. J. R. Soc. Interface 3:15–35, 2006.
A. N. Gent. A new constitutive relation for rubber. Rubber Chem. Technol. 69:59–61, 1996.
P. F. Gou. Strain energy function for biological tissues. J. Biomech. 3:547–550, 1970.
D. M. Haughton and R. W. Ogden. On the incremental equations in nonlinear elasticity—II. Bifurcation of pressurized spherical shells. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 26:111–138, 1978.
D. M. Haughton and R. W. Ogden. Bifurcation of inflated circular cylinders of elastic material under axial loading —I. Membrane theory for thinwalled tubes. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 27:179–212, 1979.
K. Hayashi. Experimental Approaches on Measuring the Mechanical Properties and Constitutive Laws of Arterial Walls. J. Biomech. Eng. 115:481–488, 1993.
G. A. Holzapfel. Nonlinear Solid Mechanics. Wiley, 2000.
G. A. Holzapfel. Biomechanics of soft tissue. In J. Lemaitre, editor, Handbook of Materials Behavior Models, pages 1049–1063. Academic Press, 2001.
G. A. Holzapfel. Structural and numerical models for the (visco) elastic response of arterial walls with residual stresses. In G. A. Holzapfel and R. W. Ogden, editors, Biomechanics of Soft Tissue in Cardiovascular Systems, CISM Courses and Lectures no. 441, pages 109–184. Springer Verlag, Wien, 2003.
G. A. Holzapfel. Similarities between soft biological tissues and rubberlike materials. In P.-E. Austreall and L. Kari editors, Constitutive Models for Rubber IV, pages 607–617. Balkema, Taylor and Francis, London, 2005.
G. A. Holzapfel. Determination of material models for arterial walls from uniaxial extension tests and histological structure. J. Theor. Biol. 238:290–302, 2006.
G. A. Holzapfel and T. C. Gasser. A viscoelastic model for fiber-reinforced materials at finite strains: continuum basis, computational aspects and applications. Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Engr. 190:4379–4403, 2001.
G. A. Holzapfel, T. C. Gasser, and R. W. Ogden. A new constitutive framework for arterial wall mechanics and a comparative study of material models. J. Elasticity. 61:1–48, 2000.
G. A. Holzapfel, T. C. Gasser, and R. W. Ogden. Comparison of a multilayer structural model for arterial walls with a Fung-type model, and issues of material stability. J. Biomech. Eng. 126:264–275, 2004.
G. A. Holzapfel and R. W. Ogden, editors, Biomechanics of Soft Tissue in Cardiovascular Systems. CISM Courses and Lectures no. 441. Springer, Wien, 2003.
G. A. Holzapfel and R. W. Ogden, editors, Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium on Mechanics of Biological Tissue, Graz 2004. Springer, Heidelberg, 2006.
G. A. Holzapfel and R. W. Ogden. On planar biaxial tests for anisotropic nonlinearly elastic solids. A continuum mechanical framework. Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids, in press.
G. A. Holzapfel, G. Sommer, T. C. Gasser, and P. Regitnig. Determination of the layer-specific mechanical properties of human coronary arteries with non-atherosclerotic intimal thickening, and related constitutive modelling. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 289:H2048–2058, 2005.
G. A. Holzapfel, G. Sommer, and P. Regitnig. Anisotropic mechanical properties of tissue components in human atherosclerotic plaques. J. Biomech. Eng. 126:657–665, 2004.
C. O. Horgan and G. Saccomandi. A description of arterial wall mechanics using limiting chain extensibility constitutive models. Biomechan. Model. Mechanobiol. 1:251–266, 2003.
J. D. Humphrey. Mechanics of the arterial wall: review and directions. Critical Reviews in Biomed. Engr. 23:1–162, 1995.
J. D. Humphrey. Cardiovascular Solid Mechanics. Cells, Tissues, and Organs. Springer, New York, 2002.
J. D. Humphrey. Intercranial saccular aneurysms. In G. A. Holzapfel and R. W. Ogden, editors, Biomechanics of Soft Tissue in Cardiovasular Systems, CISM Courses and Lectures no. 441, pages 185–220, Springer, Wien, 2003.
J. D. Humphrey, T. Kang, P. Sakarda, and M. Anjanappa. Computer-aided vascular experimentation: A new electromechanical test system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 21:33–43, 1993.
J. D. Humphrey and F. C. P. Yin. A new constitutive formulation for characterizing the mechanical behavior of soft tissues. Biophys. J. 52:563–570, 1987.
D. F. Jones and L. R. G. Treloar. The properties of rubber in pure homogeneous strain. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 8:1285–1304, 1975.
J. K. Knowles. The finite anti-plane shear field near the tip of a crack for a class of incompressible elastic solids. Int. J. Fracture 13:611–639, 1977.
Y. Lanir. Constitutive equations for fibrous connective tissues. J. Biomech. 16:1–12, 1983.
I.-S. Liu. On representations of anisotropic invariants. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 20:1099–1109, 1982.
J. Merodio and R. W. Ogden. Material instabilities in fiber-reinforced non-linearly elastic solids under plane deformation. Arch. Mech. 54:525–552, 2002.
J. Merodio and R. W. Ogden. Instabilities and loss of ellipticity in fibre-reinforced compressible non-linearly elastic solids under plane deformation. Int. J. Solids Structures 40:4707–4727, 2003.
J. Merodio and R. W. Ogden. Mechanical response of fibre-reinforced incom-pressible non-linearly elastic solids. Int. J. Non-Linear Mech. 40:213–227, 2005.
W. W. Nichols and M. F. O’Rourke. McDonald’s Blood Flow in Arteries, 4th edition, chapter 4, pages 73–97. Arnold, London, 1998.
R. W. Ogden. Non-linear Elastic Deformations. Dover, New York, 1997.
R. W. Ogden. Elements of the theory of finite elasticity. In Y. B. Fu and R. W. Ogden, editors, Nonlinear Elasticity: Theory and Applications, pages 1–57. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
R. W. Ogden. Nonlinear elasticity, anisotropy and residual stresses in soft tissue. In G. A. Holzapfel and R. W. Ogden, editors, Biomechanics of Soft Tissue in Cardiovascular Systems, CISM Courses and Lectures no. 441, pages 65–108. Springer, Wien, 2003.
R. W. Ogden and G. Saccomandi. Introducing mesoscopic information into constitutive equations for arterial walls. Biomechan. Model. Mechanobiol. 6:333–344, 2007.
R. W. Ogden, G. Saccomandi, and I. Sgura. Fitting hyperelastic models to experimental data. Computational Mechanics 34:484–502, 2004.
R. W. Ogden and C. A. J. Schulze-Bauer. Phenomenological and structural aspects of the mechanical response of arteries. In J. Casey and G. Bao, editors, Mechanics in Biology. AMD-Vol. 242/BED-Vol. 46, pages 125–140. ASME, New York, 2000.
A. Rachev and K. Hayashi. Theoretical study of the effects of vascular smooth muscle contraction on strain and stress distributions in arteries. Ann. Biomed. Engr. 27:459–468, 1999.
R. S. Rivlin and D. W. Saunders. Large elastic deformations of isotropic materials. VII. Experiments on the deformation of rubber. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 243:251–288, 1951.
M. R. Roach and A. C. Burton. The reason for the shape of the distensibility curve of arteries. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 35:681–690, 1957.
M. S. Sacks. A method for planar biaxial mechanical testing that includes in-plane shear. J. Biomech. Eng. 121:551–555, 1999.
C. A. J. Schulze-Bauer, C. Mörth, and G. A. Holzapfel. Passive biaxial mechanical response of aged human iliac arteries. J. Biomech. Eng. 125:395–406, 2003.
C. A. J. Schulze-Bauer, P. Regitnig, and G. A. Holzapfel. Mechanics of the human femoral adventitia including high-pressure response. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 282:H2427–H2440, 2002.
A. J. M. Spencer. Deformations of Fibre-reinforced Materials. Oxford University Press, 1972.
A. J. M. Spencer. Constitutive theory for strongly anisotropic solids. In A. J. M. Spencer, editors, Continuum Theory of the Mechanics of Fibrereinforced Composites, CISM Courses and Lectures no. 282, pages 1–32. Springer, Wien, 1984.
K. Takamizawa and K. Hayashi. Strain energy density function and uniform strain hypothesis for arterial mechanics. J. Biomech. 20:7–17, 1987.
A. Tözeren. Elastic properties and their influence on the cardiovascular system. J. Biomech. Eng. 106:182–185, 1984.
H. Vangerko and L. R. G. Treloar. The inflation and extension of rubber tube for biaxial strain studies. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 11:1969–1978, 1978.
W. W. von Maltzahn, D. Besdo, and W. Wiemer. Elastic properties of arteries: a nonlinear two-layer cylindrical model. J. Biomech. 14:389–397, 1981.
P. B. Wells, J. L. Harris, and J. D. Humphrey. Altered mechanical behavior of epicardium under isothermal biaxial loading. J. Biomech. Eng. 126:492–497, 2004.
F. L. Wuyts, V. J. Vanhuyse, G. J. Langewouters, W. F. Decraemer, E. R. Raman, and S. Buyle. Elastic properties of human aortas in relation to age and atherosclerosis: a structural model. Physics Medicine Biol. 40:1577–1597, 1995.
M. A. Zulliger, P. Fridez, F. Hayashi, and N. Stergiopulos. A strain energy function for arteries accounting for wall composition and structure. J. Biomech. 37:989–1000, 2004.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 CISM, Udine
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ogden, R.W. (2009). Anisotropy and Nonlinear Elasticity in Arterial Wall Mechanics. In: Holzapfel, G.A., Ogden, R.W. (eds) Biomechanical Modelling at the Molecular, Cellular and Tissue Levels. CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, vol 508. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-95875-9_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-95875-9_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-95873-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-211-95875-9
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)