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Neurogenesis in Substantia Nigra of Parkinsonian Brains?

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Birth, Life and Death of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra

Part of the book series: Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa ((NEURALTRANS,volume 73))

Abstract

The clinical motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease is primarily the consequence of a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the nigrostriatal pathway. The degeneration of this tract provokes a depletion of dopamine in the striatum, where it is required as a permissive factor for normal motor function. Despite intense investigations, no effective therapy is available to prevent the onset or to halt the progression of the neuronal cell loss. Therefore, recent years have seen research into the mechanisms of endogenous repair processes occurring in the adult brain, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain in a constitutive manner under physiological circumstances within two regions: the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. In contrast to these two so-called neurogenic areas, the remainder of the brain is considered to be primarily nonneurogenic in nature, implying that no new neurons are produced there under normal conditions. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis in the substantia nigra under the pathological conditions of Parkinson’s disease, however, remains controversial. Here, we review the published evidence of whether adult neurogenesis exists or not within the substantia nigra, where dopaminergic neurons are lost in Parkinson’s disease.

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Abbreviations

6-OHDA:

6-hydroxydopamine

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BrdU:

5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine

GDNF:

Glia-derived neurotrophic factor

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

LGF:

Liver growth factor

MPTP:

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine

NeuN:

Neuronal nuclei antigen

NSCs:

Neural stem cells

OB:

Olfactory bulb

PCNA:

Proliferating cells nuclear antigen

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

PDGF-BB:

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB

PSA-NCAM:

Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule

RMS:

Rostral migratory stream

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

SNc:

Substantia Nigra pars compacta

SNr:

Sustantia Nigra pars reticulata

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

TGFα:

Transforming growth factor-alpha

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research Network “Stem Cells in PD” (grant 01GN0513) and the Peter Hofmann Research Project. OA-C is funded by the DAAD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Experimental Neurology, Philipps University, Marburg, D-35033, Germany

    Oscar Arias-Carrión, Nils Freundlieb, Miriam Djufri, Lukas Maurer, Guido Hermanns, Bastian Ipach, Wei-Hua Chiu, Corinna Steiner, Wolfgang H Oertel & Günter U Höglinger

  2. Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 6600, Brazil

    Elizabeth Yamada

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  1. Oscar Arias-Carrión
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Correspondence to Günter U Höglinger .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fac. Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, Palermo, 90134, Italy

    Giuseppe Giovanni

  2. Mario Negri, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Via Nazionale 8, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030, Italy

    Vincenzo Di Matteo

  3. Mario Negri, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Via Nazionale 8, Santa Maria Imbaro, 66030, Italy

    Ennio Esposito

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Arias-Carrión, O. et al. (2009). Neurogenesis in Substantia Nigra of Parkinsonian Brains?. In: Giovanni, G., Di Matteo, V., Esposito, E. (eds) Birth, Life and Death of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa, vol 73. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_23

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_23

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