Abstract
On the basis of a road traffic accident for which the defendant was responsible, the claimant had to undergo a medical examination. In the course of that examination, the doctor discovered that the claimant was suffering from cerebral sclerosis, which was unrelated to the accident. As a result of this discovery the claimant was prematurely retired. He claimed loss of earnings because of his early retirement.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
See, for instance, H. Oetker, in: K. Rebmann/ F.J. Säcker/ R. Rixecker (eds.), Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, vol. IIa (4th ed. 2003) § 249 no. 100 ff.; H.-J. Mertens, in: H.T. Soergel (ed.), Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, vol. II (12th ed. 1990) Vor § 249 no. 116; H. Heinrichs, in: O. Palandt (ed.), BGB (64th ed. 2005) Vorb v § 249 no. 54 ff.; H. Lange/G. Schiemann, Schadensersatz (3rd ed. 2003) 77 f.; E. Deutsch, Allgemeines Haftungsrecht (2nd ed. 1996) no. 125 ff.
K. Larenz/ C.-W. Canaris, Lehrbuch des Schuldrechts, vol. II/2 (13th ed. 1994) 353; H. Heinrichs, in: O. Palandt (ed.), BGB (64th ed. 2005) Vorb v § 249 no. 56; E. Deutsch, Allgemeines Haftungsrecht (2nd ed. 1996) no. 127: “Intention and negligence refer only to the injury and not to the loss”.
H. Lange/ G. Schiemann, Schadensersatz (3rd ed. 2003) 78; E. Deutsch, Allgemeines Haftungsrecht (2nd ed. 1996) no. 126; contra G. Schiemann, in: J. von Staudinger (ed.), Kommentar zum BGB — §§ 249–254 (revised ed. 2005) § 249 no. 23.
H. Lange/ G. Schiemann, Schadensersatz (3rd ed. 2003) 78; for criticism, see G. Schiemann, in: J. von Staudinger (ed.), Kommentar zum BGB — §§ 249–254 (revised ed. 2005) Vorbem zu §§ 249 ff. no. 101.
See, for example, H. Oetker, in: K. Rebmann/ F.J. Säcker/ R. Rixecker (eds.), Münchener Kommentar zum BGB, vol. IIa (4th ed. 2003) § 249 no. 103; for a detailed discussion, see R. Zimmermann, Herausforderungsformel und Haftung für fremde Willensbetätigungen nach § 823 I BGB, JZ 1980, 10, 14 ff.
BGH 3 October 1978, NJW 1979, 712.
For another example, see BGH 2 July 1957, BGHZ 25, 86: No liability for the death of an accident victim, who dies as a result of an operation concerning a condition which was only discovered in the course of an examination that had been necessitated by the accident. The accident was conditio sine qua non both for the infringement of the claimant’s bodily integrity and for his death in the course of the operation. Thus, there is causation in fact with regard to Haftungsbegründung and Haftungsausfüllung.
Ap. Georgiades, in: Ap. Georgiades/ M. Stathopoulos (eds.), Civil Code (1982, in Greek) Art. 914, no. 82.
M. Stathopoulos, in: Ap. Georgiades/ M. Stathopoulos (eds.), Civil Code (in Greek) Art. 297–298, no. 44; I. Deliyannis/P. Kornilakis, Law of Obligations — Special Part, vol. III (1992, in Greek) 169.
M. Stathopoulos, Contract Law in Hellas (Kluwer/Sakkoulas, 1993) 201.
Ap. Georgiades, in: Ap. Georgiades/ M. Stathopoulos (eds.), Civil Code (1982, in Greek) Art. 914, no. 76.
I. Deliyannis/ P. Kornilakis, Law of Obligations — Special Part, vol. III (1992, in Greek) 242.
I. Deliyannis/ P. Kornilakis, Law of Obligations — Special Part, vol. III (1992, in Greek) 242; Ap. Georgiades, in: Ap. Georgiades/M. Stathopoulos (eds.), Civil Code (1982, in Greek) Art. 914, no. 70.
I. Deliyannis/ P. Kornilakis, Law of Obligations — Special Part, vol. III (1992, in Greek) 243.
Ap. Georgiades, in: Ap. Georgiades/ M. Stathopoulos (eds.), Civil Code (1982, in Greek) Art. 928, no. 1.
A. Bénabent, Droit civil, Les obligations (Montchrestien, 9th ed. 2003) 560.
G. Viney/ P. Jourdain, Les conditions de la responsabilité, LGDJ (2nd ed. 1998) 359.
Ph. Malaurie/ L. Aynes/ Ph. Stoffel-Munck, Les obligations (Defrénois, 2003) 96.
G. Viney/ P. Jourdain, Les conditions de la responsabilité, LGDJ (2nd ed. 1998) 359, note 101.
A. Bénabent, Droit civil, Les obligations (Montchrestien, 9th ed. 2003) 560.
Civ. 2ème, 27 February 1991, JCP 1991, 91, IV, 162.
Ph. Malaurie/ L. Aynes/ Ph. Stoffel-Munck, Les obligations (Defrénois, 2003) 95.
We use condicio here instead of conditio (on the use of either term, see Nieuwenhuis, TPR 2002, 1698) to remain consistent in terminology.
See C. Asser/ A.S. Hartkamp, Verbintenissenrecht, vol. I (11th ed. 2000) no. 424 ff.
See J. Spier, in: The Limits of Liability — Keeping the Floodgates Shut (1996) 101, and C. Asser/A.S. Hartkamp, Verbintenissenrecht, vol. I (11th ed. 2000) no. 433 ff.
See, e.g., C.J.H. Brunner, VR 1981, 210 ff.
The seminal contribution is by G. Gorla, Sulla considdetta causalità giuridica: “fatto dannoso e conseguenze”, Riv. Dir. Comm. 1951, I, 405. See, e.g. M. Franzoni, Dei fatti illeciti, Art. 2043–2059, in: F. Galgano (ed.), Commentario del codice civile Scialoja-Branca (1993) 759 ff.; G. Visintini, Trattato breve della responsabilità civile (1996) 553 ff., 581 ff.
Cass., 15 October 1999, no. 11629, Foro it. 2000, I, 1917, note by E. Scoditti, Danno conseguenza e rapporto di causalità. The relevant passage is on column 1927: “Quando si affronta il problema in termini rigorosi, occorre distinguere nettamente, da un lato, il nesso che deve sussistere tra comportamento ed evento perché possa configurarsi, a monte, una responsabilità (haftungsbegründende Kausalität) e, dall’altro, il nesso che, collegando l’evento al danno, consente l’imputazione delle singole conseguenze dannose ed ha, quindi, la precipua funzione di limitare a valle i confini di una già accertata responsabilità (haftungsausfüllende Kausalität)”. The authors of the report are indebted to Dr. Bruno Tassone for this reference.
Readers interested in a comparative discussion of this case may consult M. Bussani/ V.V. Palmer (eds.), Pure Economic Loss in Europe (2003) 241 ff.
Allan v Barclay (1864) 2 M 873 at 874.
For a discussion of this bifurcation see T.B. Smith/ R. Black, The Laws of Scotland, vol. XV, par. 380.
See most recently the important case of Simmons v British Steel Ltd. 2004 SLT 595, HL.
The decision in this case was made just after the English Court of Appeal had also stressed the priority to be given to direct consequences in its decision in Re Polemis and Furness, Whitty & Co. Ltd. [1921] 3 KB 560.
For a recent discussion of the case see D.A. Kinloch, “The Grand Rule” — Simmons v British Steel plc, 2004 SLT (News) 115.
AC 155, [1995] 2 All ER 736, HL.
See Wardlaw v Bonnington Castings (6b/13 no. 1–6).
There are some torts, particularly ones based on intentional wrongdoing or fraud, where the defendant is liable for all direct consequences of the tort no matter how unexpected they are. For a more detailed treatment of remoteness of damage see E. Quill, Torts in Ireland (2nd ed. 2004) 416 ff.; B.M.E. McMahon/W. Binchy, Law of Torts (3rd ed. 2000) ch. 3.
See Egan v Sisk ILRM 1986, 283. In respect of liability for personal injuries of a foreseeable type, but an unforeseeable extent see Burke v John Paul & Co. Ltd. IR 1967, 277; Reeves v Carthy & O’Kelly [1984] 348.
See O’Mahony v Ford IR 1962, 146.
See Doran v Dalaney (No.2) IR 1999, 303.
Curran v Finn unrep. HC 29 January 2001; noted in E. Quill, Ireland: in: H. Koziol/B.C. Steininger (eds.), European Tort Law 2001 (2002) 313 f. and R. Byrne/W. Binchy, Annual Review of Irish Law 2001 (2002) 611–13.
O’Sullivan (A Minor) v. Kiernan & Anor unrep. HC 2 April 2004.
See the German case BGH 7 June 1968, NJW 1968, 2287 (11/2 no. 1–5).
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer-Verlag/Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
(2007). „Haftungsbegründende und haftungsausfüllende Kausalität“. In: Essential Cases on Natural Causation. Digest of European Tort Law, vol 1. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-36958-6_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-36958-6_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-211-36957-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-211-36958-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and LawLaw and Criminology (R0)