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Evolutionary Ecology of Freshwater Animals pp 293–320Cite as

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Genetic similarity, parasitism, and metapopulation structure in a freshwater bryozoan

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Part of the book series: EXS ((EXS,volume 82))

Summary

Many freshwater organisms exhibit mixed life histories that include sexual and asexual phases of reproduction. Ecological and genetic studies have revealed insights about the consequences of mixed life histories for populations of planktonic cladocerans and rotifers and aquatic macrophytes. However, little is known of the consequences of mixed life histories for populations of benthic colonial freshwater invertebrates. A series of investigations of the ecology and genetics of local populations of the freshwater bryozoan, Cristatella mucedo, are reviewed in this context. Asexual reproduction achieved by colony growth, fission, and the production of numerous resistant statoblasts promotes the persistence and dispersal of clones and leads to extensive genetic similarity within and between populations in southern England. Genetic characterization of parent and larval colonies indicates that sexual reproduction results in inbreeding amongst genetically similar clonal stock within sites and so generates little genetic variation. Ecological sampling confirms that sexual reproduction is limited in duration and suggests that in some sites and/or years, a sexual phase is foregone entirely. Myxozoans parasitize these genetically similar host populations and apparently indiscriminately attack the highly-related bryozoan clones present within a site. As myxozoans adversely affect host fitness they may, in part, be responsible for the drastic reductions and occasional extinctions observed in C. mucedo populations. The presence of harmful parasites and the relative insignificance of sex suggest that host-parasite coevolution as predicted by the Red Queen does not apply in this system. Rather, evidence indicates that a metapopulation structure allows the persistence of genetically-similar sub-populations as long as rates of asexual replication and dispersal are sufficient to provide a means of escape from parasites and other adverse conditions. Thus metapopulation structure may provide at least a short-term alternative to the regular production of genetic novelty through sex. Perhaps due to features such as a sessile nature, asexual replication via vegetative growth, and indirect fertilization, the consequences of mixed life histories for bryozoans of southern England contrast with those in planktonic cladocerans and rotifers but show some similarities to those of aquatic macrophytes.

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  1. School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 228, RG6 6AJ, UK

    B. Okamura

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  1. Abteilung Ökologie und Evolution Fachbereich Biologie, J.W. Goethe-Universität, Siesmayerstrasse 70, D-60054, Frankurt, Germany

    Bruno Streit  & Thomas Städler  & 

  2. Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA

    Curtis M. Lively

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Okamura, B. (1997). Genetic similarity, parasitism, and metapopulation structure in a freshwater bryozoan. In: Streit, B., Städler, T., Lively, C.M. (eds) Evolutionary Ecology of Freshwater Animals. EXS, vol 82. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8880-6_11

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