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Evolutionary perspectives of cytokines in pain

  • Chapter
Cytokines and Pain

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

It is clear that the ability of an animal to detect and react appropriately to an aversive stimulus is of fundamental importance to its survival. This ability is as important to invertebrates as it is to vertebrates, a fact that is underscored by behavioral evidence for the display of nociceptive behaviors in invertebrates (reviewed in [1, 2]. For example, locomotion away from a noxious stimulus has been observed in the simplest animals (see Fig. 1) including protozoans [3], flatworms [4] and jellyfish [5]. Anemones (Anthozoa) display relatively sophisticated, nociceptive behaviors that can be modified by aversive environmental stimuli [6, 7]. Anthozoa have among the simplest nervous systems in the animal kingdom and it has been postulated that the first functional nociceptive responses are likely to have occurred in this group. The nociceptive behaviors of the more advanced invertebrate, the marine mollusc Aplysia californica, and their modification by a variety of stimuli have been studied extensively over the last two decades. Aplysia display a variety of nociceptive behaviors in response to noxious mechanical or electrical stimulation including local body withdrawal, ink and opaline release, and escape locomotion [8]. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the Aplysia nervous system for intracellular recording make it a very attractive model system to understand neuronal correlations underlying these nociceptive behaviors and their modification. Consequently Aplysia has emerged as a useful model system to understand fundamental mechanisms underlying nociceptive plasticity and it will be the focus of this review. It has been suggested that general similarities between patterns of nociceptive behavior observed in Aplysia and more complex animals (e.g. rats and humans) represent common behavioral adaptions to ubiquitous selection pressures such as escape from a source of bodily injury and optimization of recuperation [2].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas - Houston Medical School, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Andrea L. Clatworthy

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  1. Andrea L. Clatworthy
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA

    Linda R. Watkins  & Steven F. Maier  & 

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Clatworthy, A.L. (1999). Evolutionary perspectives of cytokines in pain. In: Watkins, L.R., Maier, S.F. (eds) Cytokines and Pain. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8749-6_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8749-6_2

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9756-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8749-6

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