Abstract
The mammalian ras genes (H-ras, K-ras and N-ras) encode a family of closely related 21 kDa proteins that are members of the superfamily of GTP binding proteins (G-proteins). Ras proteins participate in a number of intracellular signalling pathways, and the conservation of Ras throughout the evolution of eukaryotes suggests that this participation is critical.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alessi DR, Smythe C, Keyse SM (1993) The human CL100 gene encodes a Tyr/Thr-protein phosphatase which potently and specifically inactivates MAP kinase and suppresses its activation by oncogenic ras in Xenopus oocyte extracts. Oncogene 8: 2015–2020.
Allende CC, Hinrichs MV, Santos E, Allende JE (1988) Oncogenic ras protein induces meiotic maturation of amphibian oocytes in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. FEBS Lett 234: 426–430.
Birchmeyer C, Broek D, Wigler M (1985) Ras proteins can induce meiosis in Xenopus oocytes. Cell 43: 615–621.
Bos JL (1988) The ras gene family and human carcinogenesis. Mutant Res 195: 255–271.
Campa MJ, Chang KJ, Molina Y Vedia L, Reep BR, Lapetina EG (1991) Inhibition of ras-induced germinal vesicle breakdown in Xenopus oocytes by rap-IB. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 174: 1–5.
Campa MJ, Glickman JF, Yamamoto K, Chang KJ (1992) The antibiotic azatyrosine suppresses progesterone or [Val12]p21 Ha-ras/insulin-like growth factor I-induced germinal vesicle breakdown and tyrosine phosphorylation of Xenopus mitogen-activated protein kinase in oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 7654–7658.
Carnero A, Lacal, JC (1995) Activation of intracellular kinases in Xenopus oocytes by p21ras and phospholipases: a comparative study. Mol Cell Biol. 15: 1094–1101.
Carnero A, Lacal, JC (1993) Phospholipase induced maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Mitogenic activity of generated metabolites. J. Cell. Biochem. 52: 440–448.
Carnero A, Cuadrado A, del Peso L, Lacal JC (1994a) Activation of type D phospholipase by serum stimulation and ras-in duced transformation in NIH 3T3 cells. Oncogene 9: 1387–1395.
Carnero A, Dolfi F, Lacal JC (1994b) Ras-p21 activates phospholipase D and A2, but not phospholipase C or PKC, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. J Cell Biochem 54: 478–486.
Carnero A, Jimenez B, Lacal JC (1994c) Progesterone but not Ras requires MPF for in vivo activation of MAP K and S6 KH. MAPK is an essential conexion point of both signaling pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 55: 465–476.
Chung DL, Brandt-Rauf P, Murphy RB, Nishimura S, Yamaizumi Z, Weinstein IB, Pincus MR (1991) A peptide from the GAP-binding domain of the ras-p21 protein and azatyrosine block ras-induced maturation of Xenopus oocytes. Anticancer Res 11: 1373–1378.
Cook SJ, MacCormick F (1993) Inhibition by cAMP of Ras-dependent activation of Raf. Science 262: 1069–1072.
Daar I, Nebreda AR, Yew N, Sass P, Paules R, Santos E, Wigler M, Vande Woude GF (1991) The ras oncoprotein and M-phase activity. Science 253: 74–76.
Daar I, Yew N, Vande Woude GF (1993) Inhibition of mos-induced oocyte maturation by protein kinase A. J Cell Biol 120: 1197–1202.
Del Peso L, Hernandez R, Esteve P, Lacal JC (1996) Activation of Phospholipase D by Ras proteins is independent of protein kinase C. J Cell Biochem 61: 599–608.
Del Peso L, Esteve P, Lacal JC (1997) Activation of Phospholipase D by growth factors and oncogenes in murine fibroblasts follow alternative but cross-talking pathways. Biochem J 322: 519–528.
Denhardt DT (1996) Signal-transducing protein phosphorylation cascades mediated by Ras/Rho proteins in the mammalian cell: the potential for multiplex signalling. Biochem J 318: 729–747.
Desphande AK, Kung HF (1987) Insulin induction of Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation is inhibited by monoclonal antibody against p21 ras proteins. Mol Cell Biol 7: 1285–1288.
Fabian JR, Morrison DK, Daar IO (1993) Requirement for Raf and MAP kinase function during the meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes. J Cell Biol 122: 645–652.
Fukuda M, Gotoh Y, Kosako H, Hattori S, Nishida E (1994) Analysis of the ras p21/ mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in vitro and in Xenopus oocytes. J BiolChem 269: 33097–33101.
Garcia AM, Rowell C, Ackermann K, Kowalczyk JJ, Lewis MD (1993) Peptidomimetic inhibitors of Ras farnesylation and function in whole cells. J Biol Chem 268: 18415–18418.
Gibbs JB, Schaber MD, Schofield TL, Scolnick EM, Sigal I (1989) Xenopus oocyte germinal-vesicle breakdown induced by vasl2Ras is inhibited by a cytosol localized Ras mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 6630–6634.
Gotoh Y, Masuyama N, Dell K, Shirakabe K, Nishida E (1995) Initiation of Xenopus oocyte maturation by activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade. J Biol Chem 270: 25898–25904.
Graves LM, Bornfeldt KE, Raines EW, Potts BC, MacDonald SG, Ross R, Krebs EG (1993) Protein kinase A antagonizes platelet-derived growth factor-induced signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinase in human arterial smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 10300–10304.
Haccard OA, Lewellyn A, Hartley RS, Erikson E, Maller JL (1995) Induction of Xenopus oocyte maturation by MAP kinase. Dev Biol 168: 677–682.
Hafner S, Adler HS, Mischak H, Janosch P, Heidecker G, Wolfman A, Pippig S, Lohse M, Ueffmg M, Kolch W (1994) Mechanism of inhibition of Raf-1 by protein kinase A. Mol Cell Biol 14: 6696–6703.
Hagag N, Halegova S, Viola M (1986) Inhibition of growth factor induced differentiation of PC12 cells by microinjection of antibody to ras p21. Nature. 319: 680–683.
Hancock JF, Marshall CJ (1993) Posttranslational processing of Ras and Ras-related proteins. In: The Ras Superfamily of GTPases. J.C. Lacal and F. McCormick (eds) CRC Press, New York, USA.
Jiang H, Luo JQ, Urano T, Frankel P, Lu Z, Foster DA, Feig LA (1995) Involvement of Ral GTPase in v-Src-induced phospholipase D activation. Nature 378: 409–412.
Johnson AD, Cork RJ, Williams MA, Robinson KR, Smith LD (1990) H-ras(val12) induces cytoplasmic but not nuclear events of the cell cycle. Cell Regull: 543–554.
Kikuchi A, Williams LT (1996) Regulation of interaction of rasp21 with RalGDS and Raf-1 by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 271: 588–594.
Korn LJ, Scribel CW, McCormick F, Roth RA (1987) Ras p21 as a potential mediator of insulin action in Xenopus oocytes. Science 236: 840–843.
Kosako H, Gotoh Y, Nishida E (1994) Requirement for the MAP Kinase kinase/ MAP kinase cascade in Xenopus oocyte maturation. EMBO J 13: 2131–2138.
Koul O, Hauser G (1987) Modulation of rat brain cytosolic phosphatidate phosphohydrolase: effect of cationic amphiphilic drugs and divalent cations. Arch Biochem Biophys 253: 453–461.
Koyama S, Chen Y-W, Ikeda M, Muslin AJ, Williams LT, Kikuchi A (1996) Ras-interacting domain of RGL blocks Ras-dependent signal transduction in Xenopus oocytes. FEBS letter 380: 113–117.
Lacal JC (1990) Diacylglycerol production in Xenopus laevis oocytes after microinjection of p21ras proteins is a consequence of activation of phosphatidylcholine metabolism. Mol Cell Biol 10: 333–340.
Lacal JC, de la Pena P, Moscat J, García Barreno P, Anderson PS, Aaronson SA (1987a) Rapid stimulation of diacylglycerol production in Xenopus oocytes by microinyection of H-ras p21. Science 238: 833
Lacal JC, Fleming TP, Warren BS, Blumberg PM, Aaronson SA (1987b) Involvement of functional protein kinase C in the mitogenic response to the H-ras oncogene product. Mol Cell Biol 7: 4146–4149.
Lacal JC, Moscat J, Aaronson SA (1987c) Novel source of 1,2 diacylglycerol elevated in cells transformed by Ha-Ras oncogene. Nature 330: 269–271.
Lacal P, Pennington CY, Lacal JC (1988) Transforming activity of Ras proteins translocated to the plasma membrane by a myristoylation sequence from the src gene product. Oncogene 2: 533–537.
Leevers SJ, Paterson HF, Marshall CJ (1994) Requirement for Ras in Raf activation is overcome by targeting Raf to the plasma membrane. Nature 369: 411–414.
Leon J, Pellicer A (1993) Ras genes involvement in carcinogenesis: lessons from animal model systems. In: The ras superfamily of GTPases. JC Lacal and F McCormick (eds) CRC Press, USA.
Losardo JE, Heimer E, Bekesi E, Prinzo K, Scheffler JE, Neri A (1995) Ras-dependent maturation of Xenopus oocytes is blocked by modified peptides of GTPase activating protein (GAP). Int J Pept Protein Res 45: 194–199.
Macdonald SG, Crews CM, Wu L, Driller J, Clark R, Erikson RL, McCormick F (1993) Reconstitution of the Raf-1-MEK-ERK signal transduction pathway in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 13: 6615–6620.
Miyake M, Mizutani S, Koide K, Kaziro Y (1996) Unfarnesylated transforming Ras mutant inhibits the Ras-signaling pathway by forming a stable Ras.Raf complex in the cytosol. FEBS Letter 378: 15–18.
Morrison DK, Cutler RE (1997) The complexity or Raf-1 regulation. Curr Op Cell Biol 9: 174–179.
Nebreda AR, Porras A, Santos E (1993) p21ras induced meiotic maturation of Xenopus oocytes in the absence of protein synthesis: MPF activation is preceeded by activation of MAP ans S6 kinases. Oncogene 8: 467–477.
Pomerance M, Schweighoffer F, Tocque B, Pierre M (1992) Stimulation of mitogenactivated protein kinase by oncogenic ras-p21 in Xenopus oocytes. J Biol Chem 267: 16155–16160.
Qiu RG, Chen J, McCormick F, Symonds M (1995) A role for Rho in Ras transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 11781–11785.
Robinson MJ, Cobb MH (1997) Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Curr Op Cell Biol 9: 180–186.
Rodriguez-Viciana P, Warne PH, Vanhaesebroeck B, Waterfield MD, Downward J (1996) Activation of phosphoinositide 3 kinase by interaction with Ras and by point mutation. EMBO J 15: 2442–2451.
Sadler SE, Maller JL (1989) A similar pool of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in Xenopus oocytes is stimulated by insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 and val12thr59-Ha-ras protein. J Biol Chem 264: 856–861.
Sadler SE, Maller JL, Gibbs JB (1990) Transforming Ras proteins acelerate homone induced maturation and stimulate cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase in Xenopus oocytes. Mol Cell Biol 10: 1689–1696.
Shibuya EK, Ruderman JV (1993) Mos induces the in vitro activation of mitogenactivated protein kinases in lysates of frog oocytes and mammalian somatic cells. Mol Biol Cell 4: 781–790.
Song J, Pfeffer LM, Foster DA (1991) V-src increases diacylglycerol levels via type D phospholipase-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidilcholine. Mol Cell Biol 11: 4903–4908.
Soto-Cruz I, Magee AI (1995) Effect of synthetic peptides representing the hypervariable region of p21ras on Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation. Biochem J 306: 11–14.
Stokoe D, Macdonald SG, Cadwallader K, Symons M, Hancock JF (1994) Activation of Raf as a result of recruitment to the plasma membrane. Science 264: 1463–1467.
Therrien M, Michaud NR, Rubin GM, Morrison DK (1996) KSR modulates signal propagation within the MAPK cascade. Genes Dev 10: 2684–2695.
Wu J, Dent P, Jelinek T, Wolfman A, Weber MJ, Sturgill TW (1993) Inhibition of the EGF-activated MAP kinase signaling pathway by adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Science 262: 1065–1069.
Zhao J, Kung HF, Manne V (1994) Farnesylation of p21 Ras proteins in Xenopus oocytes. Cell Mol Biol Res 40: 313–321.
Zhang Y, Yao B, Delikat S, Bayoumy S, Lin XH, Basu S, McGinley M, Chan-Hui PY, Lichenstein H, Kolesnick R (1997) Kinase suppressor of Ras is ceramide-activated protein kinase. Cell 89: 63–72.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carnero, A., Lacal, J.C. (1999). Signal Transduction in Xenopus laevis Oocytes by Ras Oncoproteins and Lipid Metabolites. In: Lacal, J.C., Feramisco, J., Perona, R. (eds) Microinjection. Methods and Tools in Biosciences and Medicine. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8705-2_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8705-2_13
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-6019-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8705-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive