Abstract
I now turn to the development of the beta-spectrum controversy in the years 1923 to 1925. In the first part of this period, the origin of the continuous beta spectrum was still of paramount interest, and the efforts of the Berlin and Cambridge physicists concentrated on seeking corroboration of their respective views on this problem. Lise Meitner continued to investigate beta spectra and was also concerned with tracing secondary causes for the continuity in energy - a problem with which the young Norwegian physicist Svein Rosseland was also occupied. Charles Drummond Ellis stuck to the radium-disintegration products. Together with Herbert Skinner, he carried out a thorough reinvestigation of the beta spectrum of RaB + C.
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References
L. Meitner, “Das β-Strahlenspektrun von UX1 und seine Deutung,” Z.Phys. 17 (1923), 54–66. Even if Meitner had finished her investigation in January 1923, her paper was not submitted to the Zeitschrift until June 1923.
Meitner to Ellis, 19 January 1923, MTNR 5/4.
Hahn to Hevesy, 20 January 1923, Hevesy Scientific Correspondence, Niels Bohr Archive.
Meitner, “β-Strahlenspektrum” (note 1), p. 58.
If these values are to be correct, two of the values in Table 4.3 most be in error (editors’ note).
Meitner, “β-Strahlenspektrum” (note 1), p. 60.
Ibid., p. 61.
Meitner to Rosseland, 1 June 1923, MTNR 5/15. The work mentioned in the quotation is O. Hahn and L. Meitner, “Die γ-Strahlen von UX und ihre Zuordnung zu Uran Xl und Uran X2,” Z. Phys. 17 (1923), 157–167.
C.D. Ellis and H.W.B. Skinner, “The Interpretation of β-Ray Spectra,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A105 (1924), 185–198.
Ibid., p. 196.
Ibid., p. 196.
L. Meitner, “Der Zusammenhang zwischen β-und γ-Strahlen,” Ergebnisse der Exakten Naturwissenschaften 3 (1924), 160–181.
Ellis and Skinner, “Interpretation” (note 9), p. 197.
Ibid., p. 197.
Meitner, “Zusammenhang” (note 12), p. 178.
S. Rosseland, “Zur Quantentheorie der radioaktiven Zerfallsvorgänge,” Z. Phys. 4 (1921), 173–181, p. 173.
O. Klein and S. Rosseland, “Über Zusammenstösse zwischen Atomen und freien Elektronen,” Z. Phys. 4 (1921), 46–51.
Bohr to Auger, 19 February 1925, BSC (9.1).
P. Auger, “Sur le rendement de la fluorescence dans le domaine des rayons X,” C.R. 182 (1926), 773–775.
L. Meitner, “Kernstruktur,” Handbuch der Physik XXII/1 (Berlin: Springer, 1933), 118–153, p. 150.
Bohr to Auger, 19 February 1925, BSC (9.1).
Rosseland, “Zur Quantentheorie,” (note 16), p. 175.
Meitner to Rosseland, 1 June 1923, MTNR 5/15.
Meitner, “,β-Strahlenspektrum” (note 1), p. 64.
Rosseland to Meitner, 20 July 1923, MTNR 5/15.
Meitner to Rosseland, 24 July 1923, MTNR 5/15.
N. Bohr, “Über die Anwendung der Quantentheorie auf den Atombau. I. Die Grundpostulate der Quantentheorie,” Z. f. Phys. 13 (1923), 117–165, on p. 155; translated into English as N. Bohr, “On the Application of the Quantum Theory to Atomic Structure. Part I: The Fundamental Postulates,” Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc. 22 (1924), Supplement. The latter version is reproduced in BCW, Vol. 3, The Correspondence Principle (1918–1923), J. Rud Nielsen (ed.) (Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1976), pp. 457–499, on p. 489.
Rosseland to Meitner, 22 July 1923, MTNR 5/15.
Ibid.
Rosseland, “Zur Quantentheorie” (note 16), p. 177.
Ibid., p. 180.
Ellis and Skinner, “Interpretation” (note 9), p. 197.
Meitner to Rosseland, 1 June 1923, MTNR 5/15. To my knowledge, Lenz did not publish anything on this subject.
Rosseland to Meitner, 22 July 1923, MTNR. 5/15.
Ibid.
For a detailed historical account of the Compton effect, see R.H. Stuewer, The Compton Effect: Turning Point in Physics (New York: Science History Publications, 1975).
L. Meitner, “über eine mögliche Deutung des kontinuierlichen 0-Strahlenspektrums,” Z. Phys. 19 (1923), 307–312; idem., “über eine notwendige Folgerung aus dem Comptoneffekt und ihre Bestätigung,” Z. Phys. 22 (1924), 334–342.
M. Curie, “Sur l’application de la theorie de Compton au rayonnement 3 et ‘y des corps radioactifs,” J. de Phys. 7 (1926), 97–108.
A.H. Compton, “A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X Rays by Light Elements,” Phys. Rev. 21 (1923), 483–502; P. Debye, “Zerstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen und Quantentheorie,” Phys. Zeit. 24 (1923), 161–166.
Meitner, “Mögliche Deutung” (note 37), p. 309.
Ibid., p. 312.
C.D. Ellis and H. Skinner, “A Re-Investigation of the β-Ray Spectrum of Radium B and Radium C,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A105 (1924), 165–184; idem., “Interpretation” (note 9); idem., “The Absolute Energies of the Groups in Magnetic β-Ray Spectra,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A105 (1924), 60–69.
E. Rutherford and H.R. Robinson, “The Analysis of the ß Rays from Radium B and Radium C,” Phil. Mag. 26 (1913), 717–729.
Ellis to Meitner, undated, MTNR 5/4.
Ellis and Skinner, “Interpretation” (note 9), p. 185.
Ibid., p. 186.
Ibid., p. 187.
Ibid., p. 188.
H.R. Robinson, “The Secondary Corpuscular Rays Produced by Homogeneous X-rays,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A104 (1923), 455–479.
Meitner, “Zusammenhang” (note 12), pp. 176–177.
E. Rutherford, “The Origin of ß and ‘y Rays from Radioactive Substances,” Phil. Mag. 24 (1912), 453–462; idem., “The Connexion Between ß and ry Ray Spectra,” Phil. Mag. 28 (1914), 305–319.
E. Rutherford and E.N. da C. Andrade, “The Wavelength of the Soft -y Rays from Radium B,” Phil. Mag. 27 (1914), 854–868; idem., “The Spectrum of Penetrating -y Rays from Radium B and Radium C,” Phil. Mag. 28 (1914), 263–273.
Meitner to Ellis, 19 January 1923, MTNR 5/4.
Ellis and Skinner, “Re-Investigation” (note 42), p. 177.
Ellis and Skinner, “Interpretation” (note 9), p. 192.
K. Hutchison, J.A. Gray and H.S.W. Massey, “Charles Drummond Ellis,” Biog. Mem. Fel. Roy. Soc. 27 (1981), 198–233, pp. 207–208.
O. Hahn and L. Meitner, “Das ß-Strahlenspektrum von Radium und seine Deutung,” Z. Phys. 26 (1924), 161–168.
L. Meitner, “Über die Rolle der y-Strahlen beim Atomzerfall,” Z. Phys. 26 (1924), 169–177.
C.D. Ellis, “The Interpretation of β-Ray and γ-Ray Spectra,” Proc. Comb. Phil. Soc. 21 (1922), 121–128, p. 127.
Meitner, “über die Rolle” (note 58), p. 170.
Ellis to Meitner, 18 October 1924, MTNR 5/4.
Meitner to Ellis, 24 October 1924, MTNR 5/4.
D.H. Black, “The β-Ray Spectra of Mesothorium 2,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A106 (1924), 632–640.
D.H. Black, “β-Ray Spectra of Thorium Disintegration Products,” Proc. Roy. Soc. A109 (1925), 166–176.
Black, “The α-Ray Spectra” (note 63), p. 636.
Ibid., p. 639.
Black, “β-Ray Spectra” (note 64), p. 175.
O. Hahn and L. Meitner, “Das β-Strahlspektren von Radioaktinium und seinen Zerfallsprodukten,” Z. Phys. 34 (1925), 795–806; L. Meitner, “Die γ-Strahlung der Actiniumreihe und der Nachweis dass die γ-Strahlen erst nach erfolgtem Atomzerfall emittiert werden,” Z. Phys. 34 (1925), 807–818.
Ibid., p. 812.
Ibid., p. 809.
E. Rutherford and W.A. Wooster, “The Natural X-Ray Spectrum of Radium B,” Proc. Carob. Phil. Soc. 22 (1923–1925), 834–837.
Ibid., p. 836.
Ibid., p. 837.
D.H. Black, “The ß-Ray Spectrum of the Natural L Radiation from Radium B,” Proc. Carob. Phil. Soc. 22 (1923–25), 832–833; idem., “The Analysis of the 0-Ray Spectrum Due to the Natural L Radiation of Radium B,” Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 22 (1923–25), 838–843.
Ibid., p. 840.
C.D. Ellis and W.A. Wooster, “The Atomic Number of a Radioactive Element at the Moment of Emission of the γ-Ray,” Proc. C,amb. Phil. Soc. 22 (1923–25), 844–848.
Ibid., p. 847.
Ellis to Meitner, 8 December 1925, MTNR 5/4.
Meitner to Hevesy, 9 December 1926, Hevesy Scientific Correspondence, Niels Bohr Archive.
See, for example, a letter of 17 November 1958 from Pauli to Wu, MTNR 5/13. Wolfgang Pauli wrote as follows: “She [Meitner] frankly admitted that she was on the wrong track with her ideas on the primary Beta rays but emphasized, quite correctly, that in other questions she had the better view than Ellis.”
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Jensen, C., Aaserud, F., Kragh, H., Rüdinger, E., Stuewer, R.H. (2000). Secondary Effects and Order of Emission: Two Main Questions in the Controversy, 1923–1925. In: Aaserud, F., Kragh, H., Rüdinger, E., Stuewer, R.H. (eds) Controversy and Consensus: Nuclear Beta Decay 1911–1934. Science Networks · Historical Studies, vol 24. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8444-0_4
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