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Inflammatory and Infectious Basis of Atherosclerosis pp 1–21Cite as

Birkhäuser

Atherosclerosis: an Inflammatory Disease

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Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

Cellular processes in atherogenesis with the exception of calcification and thrombotic events are principally no different to those found in chronic inflammatoryfibroproliferative diseases such as liver cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, or chronic pancreatitis [1]. Atherosclerotic lesions are the result of a series of highly specific cellular and molecular responses to various endogenous risk factors and potential exogenous antigens. These responses are mediated by endothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages, smooth muscle cells and specific subtypes of T lymphocytes. Activation of these cells leads to the release of a wide spectrum of inflammatory hydrolases, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors followed by cellular lipid accumulation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells as well as formation of fibrous tissue [2]. The modified response-to-injury hypothesis of atherosclerosis that emphasizes endothelial dysfunction rather than denudation as the first step in atherosclerosis [1] was recently extended suggesting that the key initiating event in early atherosclerosis is the subendothelial retention of cholesterol-rich, atherogenic lipoproteins bound to arterial proteoglycans (response-to-retention hypothesis) [3]. Following adherence to endothelial cells, defined subpopulations of circulating monocytes that express the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor CD14 and the FcyRIII/CD16 (CD14bright CD16) might extravasate into the subendothelial space [4-6]. Within the vessel wall phagocytic monocytes rapidly transform to foam cells characterized by the excessive uptake of atherogenic lipoproteins by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cellular uptake of these lipids and lipoproteins is mediated by charge and motif receptors (scavenger receptors) directly recognizing non-opsonized ligands. Alternatively, modified lipids and lipoproteins may be opsonized by either innate (complement components, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid P (SAP), serum amyloid A (SAA)) and/or specific opsonins (immunoglobulins) prior to cellular uptake mediated by different opsonin receptors including complement receptors, pentraxin family receptors and/or Fcy-receptors. Continuous exposure to modified lipoproteins is supposed to trigger a chronic identification of the opsonins and opsonin receptors relevant for cellular uptake and signalling represent important goals in cardiovascular disease research, in particular with respect to the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent or reverse lipoprotein modification or opsonization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Gerd Schmitz & Michael Torzewski

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  1. Gerd Schmitz
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  2. Michael Torzewski
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  1. Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Mail Slot 532, Little Rock, AR, 72205-7199, USA

    Jay L. Mehta

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© 2001 Springer Basel AG

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Schmitz, G., Torzewski, M. (2001). Atherosclerosis: an Inflammatory Disease. In: Mehta, J.L. (eds) Inflammatory and Infectious Basis of Atherosclerosis. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8239-2_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8239-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9487-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8239-2

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