Summary
The Lyapunov exponents quantify the exponential divergence of rays asymptotically, along infinitely long rays. The Lyapunov exponent for a finite 2-D ray and the average Lyapunov exponents for a set of finite 2-D rays and for a 2-D velocity model are introduced. The equations for the estimation of the average Lyapunov exponents in a given smooth 2-D velocity model without interfaces are proposed and illustrated by a numerical example. The equations allow the average exponential divergence of rays and exponential growth of the number of travel-time branches in the velocity model to be estimated prior to ray tracing.
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Klimeš, L. (2002). Lyapunov Exponents for 2-D Ray Tracing Without Interfaces. In: Pšenčík, I., Červený, V. (eds) Seismic Waves in Laterally Inhomogeneous Media. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8146-3_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8146-3_5
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