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Peptide Transport and Delivery into the Central Nervous System pp 39–78Cite as

Birkhäuser

Structural and functional aspects of the blood-brain barrier

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Part of the book series: Progress in Drug Research ((PDR,volume 61))

Abstract

All organisms with a complex nervous system have a well-developed blood-central nervous system barrier. In the vertebrates the central nervous system (CNS) lies behind the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In all mammals the BBB is formed at the level of the cerebral capillary endothelial cells and the BCSFB by the choroid plexus epithelium.

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Abbreviations

4F2hc:

unbiquitous cell surface antigen (CD98) heavy chain

A/ATA:

amino acid transporter (preferring small neutral amino acids and an N-methyl group)

ABC:

ATP binding cassette

ACE:

angiotensin converting enzyme

AMT:

adsorptive-mediated transcytosis

ASC:

neutral amino acid transporter (preferring alanine, serine and cysteine)

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

β:

β-amino acid transporter

BBB:

blood-brain barrier

BCRP:

breast cancer-resistance protein

BCSFB:

blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

bFGF:

basic fibroblastic growth factor

B0,+ :

neutral/cationic amino acid transporter

BUI:

brain uptake index

cAMP:

cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CAT1:

cationic amino acid transporter

cGMP:

cyclic guanine mono phosphate

cib:

concentrative nucleoside transporter (broad spectrum of substrates)

cif:

concentrative nucleoside transporter (formycin-b preferring)

cit:

consentrative nucleoside transporter (thymidine preferring

CNS:

central nervous system

CNT:

consentrative nucleoside trasnporter

CSF:

cerebrospinal fluid

DNA:

desoxyribose nucleic acid

EAE:

experimental allergic encephalitis

ECF:

extracellular fluid

ei:

equilibrative nucleoside transporter (insensitive to NBMPR)

ENT:

equilibrative nucleoside transporter

es:

equilibrative nucleoside transporter (sensitive to NBMPR

F-actin:

filamentous actin

GLUT:

glucose transporter

gp120:

glyco-protein 120

GSH:

glutathione

HIV-1:

human immunodeficiency virus-1

HRP:

horseradish peroxidase

ICAM-1:

intercellular adhesion molecule

IFN-γ:

gamma interferon

IL-1β:

interleukin 1β

IL-3:

interleukin-3

ISF:

interstitial fluid

JAM:

junction associated molecule

kDa:

kilo-Daltons

Km :

Michaelis-Menten constant

L:

large neutral amio acid transporter

LAT:

large neutral amino acid transporter

LNAA:

large neutral amino acid

MCT:

monocarboxylic acid transporters

MDR:

multidrug resistance

mM:

millimolar

mRNA:

messenger RNA

MRP:

multidrug resistance-associated protein

MXR1:

mitoxantrone-resistance protein=BCRP

NBMPR:

nitrobenzylmercatopurine riboside

NGF:

nerve growth factor

OAT:

organic anion transporter

Oatp:

organic anion transporting polypeptide

OCT:

organic cation transporter

OCTN:

organic caion transporter-novel

PEPT2:

peptide transporter protein-2

Pgp:

P-glycoprotein

RMT:

receptor-mediated transcytosis

RNA:

ribose nucleic acid

SGLT1:

sodium-dependent glucose transporter-1

SVCT2:

nucleobase transporter-2

system β:

amino acid transporter (preferring β amino acids)

system L:

large neutral amino acid transporter

TER:

transendothelial/epithelial resistance

TGF-β:

transforming growth factor β

TNFα:

tumour necrosis factor α

UDP:

uridine diphosphateglucuronosyltransferase

VCAM-1:

vascular cell adhesion molecule

VLA-4:

very late antigen-4

WGA:

wheat-germ agglutinin

X- AG :

amino acid transporter (preferring glutamic acid and aspartic acid)

y+ :

cationic amino acid transporter

ZO:

zona occludentes

ZO1/2/3:

zona occudentes protein 1/2/3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Neuroscience Research, Kings College London, Hodgkin Building Guy’s Campus, London, SE1 1UL, UK

    David J. Begley

  2. National Institutes of Health, Building 36, Room 2A-21, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4062, USA

    Milton W. Brightman

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  1. Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and The McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1600 S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0497, USA

    Laszlo Prokai

  2. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 S.W. Archer Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0267, USA

    Katalin Prokai-Tatrai

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Begley, D.J., Brightman, M.W. (2003). Structural and functional aspects of the blood-brain barrier. In: Prokai, L., Prokai-Tatrai, K. (eds) Peptide Transport and Delivery into the Central Nervous System. Progress in Drug Research, vol 61. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8049-7_2

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