Skip to main content

The skin as a model for the immunodulatory effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Progress in Inflammation Research ((PIR))

Abstract

The strategic location of the skin as the barrier between the environment and internal milieu determines its critical role in the preservation of body homeostasis [1].Thus, on the side facing the environment, the skin is continuously exposed to multiple noxious agents including the acute transfers of solar, thermal or mechanical energy. When these factors reach an intensity high enough to produce skin damage, several mechanisms rapidly come into play to restore the skin’s structural and functional integrity. Such mechanisms include the proliferative activity of the epidermis, the secretory activity of adnexal structures, and the activities of the pigmentary and the immune system, including its dermal vascular and mesenchymal components [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Slominski A, Wortsman J (2000) Neuroendocrinology of the skin. Endocrine Rev 21: 457–487

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Luger T, Paus R, Salomon S (2000) Corticotropin releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin involvement in the cutaneous response to stress. Physiol Rev 80: 979–1020

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Pisarchik A, Zbytek A, Linton EA, Mazurkiewicz J, Wei ET (2001) Cutaneous expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin and CRH receptors. FASEB J 15: 1678–1693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Slominski A, Botchkarev V, Choudhry M, Fazal N, Fechner K, Furkert J, Krause E, Roloff B, Sayeed M, Wei E et al. (1999) Cutaneous expression of CRH and CRH-R: Is there a “skin stress system”? Ann NY Acad Sci 885: 287–311

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Luger T, Paus R, Slominski A, Lipton J (1999) Cutaneous neuromodulation: The proopiomelanocortin system. Ann NY Acad Sci 885: 1–479

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bos JD (eds) (1997) Skin immune system (SIS). CRH Press, Boca Raton, Fl

    Google Scholar 

  7. Karalis K, Muglia LJ, Bae D, Hilderbrand H, Majzoub JA (1997) CRH and the immune system. J Neuroimmunol 72: 131–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Webster E, Papanicolao DA, Boucher W, Pang X, Conlon P, De Souza E Theoharides TC, Chrousos GP (1995) The mast cell as a target of peripheral immune corticotropinreleasing hormone and mediator of its pro-inflammatory properties: Clinical implications. Endoc Soc Abstract 77: P1–669

    Google Scholar 

  9. McGillis JP, Park A, Rubin-Fletter P, Turck C, Dallman MF, Payan DG (1989) Stimulation of rat B-lymphocyte proliferation by corticotropin-releasing factor. J Neurosci Res 23: 346–352

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Singh-VK (1989) Stimulatory effect of corticotropin-releasing neurohormone on human lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression. J Neuroimmunol 23: 257–262

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Genedani S, Bernardi M, Baldini MG, Bertolini A (1992) Influence of CRF and alphaMSH on the migration of human monocytes in vitro. Neuropeptides 23: 99–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Iavicoli S, Lopez-Perez E, Buehring GC, Thomas HA, Wei ET, Kishimoto T (1998) Bipolar-shape response of human neutrophils to corticotropin-releasing factor. Eur J Pharmacol 349: 301–306

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Malagoli D, Franchini A, Ottaviani E (2000) Synergistic role of cAMP and IP(3) in corticotropin-releasing hormone-induced cell shape changes in invertebrate immunocytes. Peptides 21: 175–182

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Carr DJ, DeCosta BR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Blalock JE (1990) Corticotropin-releasing hormone augments natural killer cell activity through a naloxone-sensitive pathway. J Neuroimmunol 28: 53–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Koshida H, Kotake Y (1994) Corticotropin-releasing hormone enhances the superoxide anion production of rabbit peritoneal macrophages stimulated with N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Life Sci 54: 539–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhao J, Karalis KP (2002) Regulation of nuclear factor-x B by corticotropin-releasing hormone in mouse thymocytes. Mol Endocrinol 16: 2561–2570

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kavelaars A, Ballieux RE, Heijnen CJ (1989) The role of IL-1 in the corticotropin-releasing factor and arginine-vasopressin-induced secretion of immunoreactive beta-endorphin by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Immunol 142: 2338–2342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Singh VK, Leu SJ (1990) Enhancing effect of corticotropin-releasing neurohormone on the production of interleukin-1 and interleukin-2. Neurosci Lett 120: 151–154

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Angioni S, Petraglia F, Gallinelli A, Cossarizza A, Franceschi C, Muscettola M, Genazzani AD, Surico N, Genazzani AR (1993) Corticotropin-releasing hormone modulates cytokines release in cultured human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Life Sci 53: 1735–1742

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Agelaki S, Tsatsanis C, Gravanis A, Margioris AN (2002) Corticotropin-releasing hormone augments proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages in vitro and in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock in mice. Infect Immun 70: 6068–6074

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Smith EM, Hughes TK, Cadet P, Stefano G (1992) Corticotropin-releasing factor-induced immunosuppression in human and invertebrate immunocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 12: 473–478

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hagan P, Poole S and Bristow AF (1992) Immunosuppressive activity of corticotrophin-releasing factor. Inhibition of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 production by human mononuclear cells. Biochem J 281: 251–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Audhya T, Jain R and Hollander CS (1991) Receptor mediated immunomodulation by corticotropin releasing factor. Cell Immunol 134: 77–84

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Wei ET, Kiang JG (1987) Inhibition of protein exudation from the trachea by corticotropin-releasing factor. Eur J Pharmacol 140: 63–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Wei ET, Kiang JG (1989) Peptides of the corticoliberin superfamily attenuate thermal and neurogenic inflammation in rat paw skin. Eur J Pharmacol 168: 81–86

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Smith EM, Morrill AC, Meyer WJ, Blalock-JE (1986) Corticotropin releasing factor induction of leucocyte-derived immunoreactive ACTH and endorphins. Nature 321: 881–882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Jain R, Zwickler D, Hollander CS, Brand H, Saperstein A, Hutchinson B, Brown C, Audhya T (1991) Corticotropin-releasing factor modulates the immune response to stress in the rat. Endocrinology 128: 1329–1336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Paez Pereda M, Sauer J, Perez Castro C, Finkielman S, Stalla GK, Holsboer F, Arzt E (1995) Corticotropin-releasing hormone differentially modulates the interleukin-1 system according to the level of monocyte activation by endotoxin. Endocrinology 136: 5504–5510

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Singh VK, Fundenberg HH (1988) Binding of [125I] corticotropin releasing factor and its reduction in Ahlzheimer’s disease. Immunol Lett 18: 5–8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Webster EL, Tracey DE, Jutila MA, Wolfe SA Jr, DeSouza EB (1990) Corticotropinreleasing factor receptors in mouse spleen: Identification of receptor-bearing cells as resident macrophages. Endocrinology 127: 440–452

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Radulovic M, Dautzenberg FM, Sydow S, Radulovic J, Spiess J (1999) Corticotropinreleasing factor receptor 1 in mouse spleen: expression after immune stimulation and identification of receptor-bearing cells. J Immunol 162: 3013–3021

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Radulovic M, Weber C, Spiess J (2000) The effect of acute immobilization stress on the abundance of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor in lymphoid organs. J Neuroimmunol Mar 103: 153–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Sacks GP, Studena K, Sargent IL and Redman CWG (1998) Normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia both produce inflammatory changes in peripheral blood leukocytes akin to sepsis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179: 80–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Linton EA, Mclean C, Kruseman ACN, Tilders FJ, Van der Veen EA, Lowry PJ (1987) Direct measurement of human plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone by “two-site” immunoradiometric assay. J Clin Endocr Metab 64: 1047–1053

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Watanabe F, Oki Y, Ozawa M, Masuzawa M, Iwabuchi M, Yoshimi T, Nishiguchi T, Iino K, Sasano H (1999) Urocortin in human placenta and maternal plasma. Peptides 20: 205–209

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Linton EA, Wolfe CDA, Behan DP and Lowry PJ (1988) A specific carrier substance for human CRF in late gestational maternal plasma which could mask the ACTH releasing activity. Clin Endocrinol 28: 315–324

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Aird F, Clevenger CV, Prystowsky MB, Redei E (1993) Corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA in rat thymus and spleen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 7104–7108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brouxhon SM, Prasad AV, Joseph SA, Felten DL, Bellinger DL (1998) Localization of corticotropin-releasing factor in primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the rat. Brain Behav Immun 12: 107–122

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Stephanou A, Jessop DS, Knight RA, Lightman SL (1990) Corticotrophin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity and mRNA in human leukocytes. Brain Behav Immun 4: 67–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ekman R, Servenius B, Castro MG, Lowry PJ, Cederlund AS, Bergman O, Sjogren HO (1993) Biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone in human T-lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 44: 7–13

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bamberger CM, Wald M, Bamberger AM, Ergun S, Beil FU, Schulte HM (1998) Human lymphocytes produce urocortin, but not corticotropin-releasing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 708–711

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Muramatsu Y, Fukushima K, Iino K, Totsune K, Takahashi K, Suzuki T, Hirasawa G, Takeyama J, Ito M, Nose M et al. (2000) Urocortin and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor expression in the human colonic mucosa. Peptides 21: 1799–1809

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Sugimoto K, Kandere Kempuraj D, Letourneau L, Athanasiou A, Theoharides TC (2002) Human mast cell expression of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors and selective release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by CRH may explain stress-induced atopic disease. Pharmacologist 44: A241

    Google Scholar 

  44. Cabot PJ, Carter L, Schafer M, Stein C (2001) Methionine-enkephalin and dynorphin A- release from immune cells and control of inflammatory pain. Pain 93: 207–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Szczesniewski A (2000) Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detection of corticotropin-releasing hormone and pro-opiomelanocortin derived peptides in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3575–3581

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Slominski A, Baker J, Ermak G, Chakraborty A, Pawelek J (1996) UVB stimulates production of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) by human melanocytes. FEBS Lett 399: 175–176

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Slominski A, Ermak G, Mazurkiewicz JE, Baker J, Wortsman J (1998) Characterization of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 1020–1024

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Slominski A, Ermak, Hwang J, Mazurkiewicz J, Corliss, Eastman A (1996) The expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) genes in mouse skin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1289: 247–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Roloff B, Fechner K, Slominski A, Furkert J, Botchkarev VA, Bulfone-Paus S, Zipper J, Krause K, Paus R (1998) Hair cycle-dependent expression of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH receptors (CRH-R) in murine skin. FASEB J 12: 287–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Slominski A, Roloff B, Curry J, Dahiya M, Szczesniewski A, Wortsman J (2000) The skin produces urocortin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 815–823

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Fazal N, Slominski A, Choudhry MA, Wei ET, Sayeed MM (1998) Effect of CRF and related peptides on calcium signalling in human and rodent melanoma cells. FEBS Lett 435: 187–190

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Pisarchik A, Slominski A (2001) Alternative splicing of CRH-R1 receptors in human and mouse skin: identification of new variants and their differential expression. FASEB J 15: 2754–2756

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pisarchik A, Slominski A (2002) Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor type 1: Molecular cloning and investigation of alternative splicing in the hamster skin. J Invest Dermatol 118: 1065–1072

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Slominski A, Roloff B, Zbytek B, Wei ET, Fechner K, Curry J, Wortsman J (2000) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and related petides can act as bioregulatory factors in human keratinocytes. In vitro Cell Develop Biol 36: 211–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Quevedo MA, Slominski A, Pinto W, Wei E, Wortsman J (2001) Pleiotropic effects of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on normal human keratinocytes. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol 37A: 50–54

    Google Scholar 

  56. Carlson KT, Stair Navy S, Wei ET, Sadie W Filov VA, Rersova VV, Slominski A, Quillan JM (2001) Inhibition of mouse melanoma cell proliferation by corticotropin releasing hormone and its analogs. Anticancer Res 21: 1173–1180

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Zbytek B, Mysliwski A, Slominski A, Wortsman J, Wei E, Mysliwska J (2002) Corticotropin-releasing hormone affects cytokine production in human HaCaT keratinocytes. Life Sci 70: 1013–1021

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kono MHN, Umemura S, Kawana S, Osamura RY (2001) In situ expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) genes in human skin. FASEB J 15: 2754–2756

    Google Scholar 

  59. Mazurkiewicz JE, Corliss D, Slominski A (2000) Spatiotemporal expression, distribution, and processing of POMC and POMC-derived peptides in murine skin. J Histochem Cytochem 48: 905–914

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Grammatopoulos DK, Chrousos GP (2002) Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH-receptor antagonists. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13: 436–444

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dautzenberg FM, Hauger RL (2002) The CRF peptide family and their receptors: yet more partners discovered. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23: 71–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Wiesner B, B Roloff, Fechner K, Slominski A (2003) Intracellular calcium measurements of single human skin cells after stimulation with corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. J Cell Sci 116: 1261–1268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kiang J (1994) Corticotropin-releasing factor increases [Ca2+], via receptor-mediated Ca2+ channels in human epidermoid A-431 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 267: 135–142

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kiang JG (1995) Mystixin-7 and mystixin-11 increase cytosolic free Ca2+ and inositol trisphosphates in human A-431 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 291: 107–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mitsuma T, Matsumoto Y, Tomita Y (2001) Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates proliferation of keratinocytes. Life Sci 69: 1991–1998

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Stein M, Bernd A, Ramirez-Bosca A, Kippenberger S, Holzmann H (1997) Measurement of anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids on human keratinocytes in vitro. Comparison of normal human keratinocytes with the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Arzneimittelforschung 47: 1266–1270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Webster E, Chrousos G (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its pro-inflammatory effects. Endocrinology 139: 403–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. McLoon LK, Wirtschafter J (1997) Local injections of corticotropin releasing factor reduce doxorubicin-induced acute inflammation in the eyelid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38: 834–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Wei E, Thomas HA (1994) Correlation of neuroendocrine and anti-edema activities of alanine-corticotropin-releasing factor analogs. Eur J Pharmacol 263: 319–321

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Gjerde EAB, Woie K, Wei ET, Reed, RK (1998) Corticotropin-releasing hormone inhibits lowering of interstitial pressure in rat trachea after neurogenic inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 352: 99–102

    Google Scholar 

  71. Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB (1991) Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin releasing factor. Pharmacol Rev 43: 425–473

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Chrousos GP (1995) The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N Engl J Med 332: 1351–1362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Li H, Robinson PJ, Kawashima S, Funder JW, Liu JP (1998) Differential regulation of MAP kinase activity by corticotropin-releasing hormone in normal and neoplastic corticotropes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30: 1389–1401

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Linton EA, Woodman JR, Asboth G, Glynn BP, Plested CP, Bernal LA (2001) Corticotrophin releasing hormone: Its potential for a role in human myometrium. Exp Physiol 86: 273–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Slominski A, Heasley D, Ermak G, Mazurkiewicz JE, Baker J, Carlson A (1999) Expression of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) derived melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) and ACTH peptides in skin of basal cell carcinoma patients. Human Pathology 30: 208–215

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Slominski A, Carlson A, Wortsman J, Mihm M (2001) The role of molecular biology in diagnostic pathology of melanoma. Meth Mol Medicine 61: 123–163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Funasaka Y, Sato H, Chakraborty A, Ohashi A, Chrousos GP, Ichihashi M (1999) Expression of pro-opiomelanocortin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and CRH receptor in melanoma cells, nevus cells, and normal human melanocytes. J Invest Derm Symp Proc 4: 105–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Rodriguez-Linares B, Linton EA, Phaneuf S (1998) Expression of corticotrophin releasing factor receptor mRNA and protein in the human myometrium. J Endocrinology 156, 15–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Simoncini T, Apa R, Reis FM, Miceli F, Stomati M, Driul L, Lanzone A, Genazzani AR, Petraglia F (1999) Human umbilical vein endothelial cells: A new source and potential target for corticotropin-releasing factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84: 2802–2806

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Slominski, A., Wortsman, J., Linton, E., Pisarchik, A., Zbytek, B. (2003). The skin as a model for the immunodulatory effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone. In: Schäfer, M., Stein, C. (eds) Mind over Matter - Regulation of Peripheral Inflammation by the CNS. Progress in Inflammation Research. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8039-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8039-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-9416-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8039-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics