Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Pageoph Topical Volumes ((PTV))

Abstract

Observations and analysis of seismic scattering in the heterogeneous earth have grown from the initial observations of Aki in the 1960s into a well-developed subfield of seismology. The area presents many challenging and interesting problems for seismologists today and there are many areas of fruitful research. We focus on a small subset of areas of research within the general area of, “coda study,” that can be most directly tied to Kei’s early work in this field: scattering coefficient, coda Q, coda normalization method, and the radiative transfer approach. These are the most useful tools in the interpretation of high-frequency seismograms. In each of these areas, Kei provided initial inspiration through insightful observation and well-thought out models for his observations. The results of ongoing work in these areas have provided insight into the complexity of wave propagation in the earth and have yielded new insights into the character of the earth’s lithosphere. They have also provided reliable means to obtain practical information like relative site amplification factors and relative source radiation as a function of frequency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Am, K. (1956), Correlogram Analyses of Seismograms by Means of a Simple Automatic Computer, J. Phys. Earth 4, 71–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1969), Analysis of Seismic Coda of Local Earthquakes as Scattered Waves, J. Geophys. Res. 74, 615–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1973), Scattering of P Waves under the Montana LASA, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 1334–1246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aki, K. (1980), Attenuation of Shear Waves in the Lithosphere for Frequencies from 0.05 to 25 Hz, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 21, 50–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Am, T. and Tsujiura, M. (1959). Correlation Study of Near-earthquake Waves, Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ. 37, 207–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Am, K. and Chouet, B. (1975), Origin of Coda Waves: Source, Attenuation and Scattering Effects, J. Geophys. Res. 80, 3322–3342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bal, G. and Moscoso, M. (2000), Polarization Effects of Seismic Waves on the Basis of Radiative Transfer Theory, Geophys. J. Int. 142, 571–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • BISWAS, N. N. and AKA, K. (1984), Characteristics of Coda Waves: Central and South Central Alaska, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 74, 493–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonilla, L., Steidl, J., Lindley, G., Tumarkin, A., and Archuleta, R. (1997), Site Amplification in the San Fernando Valley, California: Variability of Site-effect Estimation Using the S-wave, coda, and HIV Methods, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 87, 710–730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capon, J. (1974), Characterization of Crust and Upper Mantle Structure under LASA as a Random Medium, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 64, 235–266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandrasekhar, S., Radiative Transfer (Oxford University Press, Cambridge 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chernov, L. A., Wave Propagation in a Random Medium (Engl. trans. by R. A. Silverman) (McGraw-Hill, New York (1960)).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dainty, A., ToksÖz, M., Anderson, K., Pines, P., Nakamura, Y., and Latham, G. (1974), Seismic Scattering and Shallow Structure of the Moon in Oceanus Procellarum, Moon 9, 11–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewberry, S. R. and Crosson, R. S. (1995), Source Scaling and Moment Estimation for the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network Using S-coda Amplitudes, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 85, 1309–1326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehler, M., Hoshiba, M., Sato, H., and Obara, K. (1992), Separation of Scattering and Intrinsic Attenuation for the Kanto-Tokai Region, Japan, Using Measurements of S-wave Energy versus Hypocentral Distance, Geophys. J. Int. 108, 787–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fehler, M., Sato, H., and Huang, L.-J. (2000), Envelope Broadening of Outgoing Waves in 2-D Random Media: A Comparison between the Markov Approximation and Numerical Simulations, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 90, 914–928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. and Clayton, R. W. (1986), Finite-Difference Simulations of Seismic Scattering: Implications for the Propagation of Short-period Seismic Waves in the Crust and Models of Crustal Heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 6465–6489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, A. and Wennerberg, L. (1987), Energy flux Model of Seismic Coda: Separation of Scattering and Intrinsic Attenuation, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 77, 1223–1251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gusev, A. A. (1995), Vertical Profile of Turbidity and Coda Q, Geophys. J. Int. 123, 665–672.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartse, H., Phillips, W. S., Fehler, M., and House, L. (1995), Single-station Spectral Discrimination Using Coda Waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 85, 1464–1474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jannaud, L. R., Adler, P. M., and Jacquin C. G. (1991), Spectral Analysis and Inversion of Codas, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 18,215 18,231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, K., Aki, K., and Takemura, M. (1995) Site Amplification from Coda Waves: Validation and Application to S-wave Site Response, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 85, 467–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, P. and Abercrombie R. (1994), Frequency-dependent Crustal Scattering and Absorption at 5–160 Hz from Coda Decay Observed at 2.5 km Depth, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 971–974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margerin, L., Camptllio, M., and Ttggelen, B. (2000), Monte Carlo Simulation of Multiple Scattering of Elastic Waves, J. Geophys. Res. 105, 7873–7893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayeda, K., Koyanagi, S., Hoshiba, M., Aki, K., and Zeng, Y. (1992), A Comparative Study of Scattering, Intrinsic, and Coda Q-t for Hawaii, Long Valley and Central California between 1.5 and 15 Hz, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 6643–6659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, Y., Latham, G., Ewing, M., and Dorman, L. (1970), Lunar Seismic Energy Transmissions (abstract) EOS. Trans. Am Geophys. Un. 51, 776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolayev, A. and Tregub, F. (1970), A Statistical Model for the Earth’s Crust: Method and Results, Tectonophys. 10, 573–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. S. and Aki, K. (1986), Site Amplification of Coda Waves from Local Earthquakes in Central California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 76, 627–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rautian, T. G. and Khalturin, V. I. (1978), The Use of the Coda for Determination of the Earthquake Source Spectrum, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 68, 923–948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. (1979), Wave Propagation in One-dimensional Inhomogeneous Elastic Media, J. Phys. Earth 27, 455–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H. and Fehler, M. (1998), Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in the Heterogeneous Earth (AIP Press/Springer Verlag, New York 2000).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, H., Fehler, M., and Wu, R.-S. (2002), Scattering and attenuation of seismic waves in the lithosphere, Chapter 13 in International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (eds. P. Jennings, H. Kanamori, and W. Lee),195–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shang, T. and Gao, H. (1988), Transportation Theory of Multiple Scattering and its Application to Seismic Coda Waves of Impulsive Source, Scientia Sinica (series B, China) 31, 1503–1514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, F., Am, K., Teng, L., Zeng, Y., Koyanagi, S., and Mayeda, K. (1992), The Relation between Site Amplification Factor and Surface Geology in Central California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 82, 580–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Su, F. and Aki, K. (1995), Site Amplification Factors in Central and Southern California Determined from Coda Waves, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 85, 452–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsuiiura, M. (1978), Spectral Analysis of the Coda Waves from Local Earthquakes, Bull. Earthq. Inst. Univ. Tokyo 53, 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • TSUMURA, K. (1967), Determination of Earthquake Magnitude from Duration of Oscillation, Zisin (in Japanese) 20, 30–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R.-S. (1985), Multiple Scattering and Energy Transfer of Seismic Waves Separation of Scattering Effect from Intrinsic Attenuation I. Theoretical Modeling, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 82, 57–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R.-S. and Aki, K. (1985), The Fractal Nature of the Inhomogeneities in the Lithosphere Evidenced from Seismic Wave Scattering, Pure Appl. Geophys. 123, 805–818.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R.-S. and Aki, K. (1988), Multiple Scattering and Energy Transfer of Seismic Waves—Separation of Scattering Effect from Intrinsic Attenuation. II. Application of the Theory to Hindu—CKush Region, Pure Appl. Geophys. 128, 49–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R.-S., Xu, Z., and Li, X. P. (1994), Heterogeneity Spectrum and Scale-anisotropy in the Upper Crust Revealed by the German Continental Deep-Drilling (KTB) Holes, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 911–914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimoto, K., Sato, H., and Ohtake, M. (1993), Frequency-dependent Attenuation of P and S Waves in the Kanto Area, Japan, Based on the Coda-normalization Method, Geophys. J. Int. 114, 165–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Y., Su, F., and Aki, K. (1991), Scattering Wave Energy Propagation in a Random Isotropic Scattering Medium 1. Theory, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 607–619.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2003 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fehler, M., Sato, H. (2003). Coda. In: Ben-Zion, Y. (eds) Seismic Motion, Lithospheric Structures, Earthquake and Volcanic Sources: The Keiiti Aki Volume. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8010-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8010-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-7011-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-8010-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics