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Biosensors with electrochemical transducers

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Book cover Experimental Techniques in Bioelectrochemistry

Part of the book series: Bioelectrochemistry: Principles and Practice ((BPP,volume 3))

Abstract

The idea of utilizing enzyme reactions analytically and evaluating their course with electrochemical sensors is ascribed to Leland Clark (1962), the creator of an oxygen amperometric cell. Papers by Clark and Lyons [1] and Updike and Hicks [2] dealing with the assay of glucose through an enzyme electrode first began to stimulate publication activity in the field of biosensors. Since that time an enormous number of papers have been published and thus it is now impossible to cover the whole area of biosensor research and practical use. Advances in the investigation of the biological recognition systems, sensing techniques and allied disciplines constantly lead to new principles and enable improvements to be made in the methods and devices previously known. In spite of outstanding progress biosensors are still not widely used in comparison with enzyme immunoassay (EIA) which is just as old. This may be explained by the more complicated problems associated with the construction and performance of biosensors. However, in spite of these difficulties the market in biosensors is increasing. For instance, a Frost and Sullivan report [3] shows that the biosensor market in the United States increased from $14.4 million in 1986 to $29 million in 1987 and is expected to have reached $365 million in 1991. According to another source [4] the US market for biosensors was much higher ($70 million in 1986) with predicted sales rising to $500 million by 1990. Regardless of actual values, a remarkable increase in biosensor production and sales is expected. The number of producers and equipment types is also increasing rapidly, not only in the United States but also in Japan and in Europe. About 20 different biosensors are available on the open market at present[5]. Health care is still at the forefront in the practical applications of biosensors. Beside the devices suitable for use in clinical laboratories [6, 7] a pen-type pocket device has recently been introduced for diabetic self-monitoring and in vivo sensors are being investigated intensively [11, 12]. Biosensors for industrial processing and environmental control have not yet been introduced for general use because of certain additional problems that need to be overcome (sterilization of biosensors for fermentation processes, poisoning with pollutants, etc.). To those who consider that biosensors are finding application too slowly it is well worth remembering that the first pH-meter was produced by Beckman (1936) 30 years after Cremer’s discovery (1906) of membrane potential, and it was almost another 50 years before ion-selective electrodes for sodium and potassium were able to compete with spectrophotometric methods. In 1981, more than one-half of clinical determinations of Na+ and K+ in the United States were performed by using potentiometric methods [13]. Today, electrochemical methods are well established and are frequently used in the construction of biosensors. Although this chapter deals with biosensors using electrochemical transducers, a short characterization of biosensors utilizing other types of transducers will also be given to show other possibilities in the further development of biosensors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic

    Jan Káš & Miroslav Marek

  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic

    Miloslav Šţastný & Radek Volf

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  1. Jan Káš
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  2. Miroslav Marek
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  3. Miloslav Šţastný
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  4. Radek Volf
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic

    Viktor Brabec

  2. Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland

    Dieter Walz

  3. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy

    Giulio Milazzo (formerly Professor) (formerly Professor)

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Káš, J., Marek, M., Šţastný, M., Volf, R. (1995). Biosensors with electrochemical transducers. In: Brabec, V., Walz, D., Milazzo, G. (eds) Experimental Techniques in Bioelectrochemistry. Bioelectrochemistry: Principles and Practice, vol 3. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7607-0_6

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