Summary
Intermediate between DNA sequences and broad patterns of karyotypic change there is a major gap in understanding genome structure and evolution. The gap is at the megabase level between genes and chromosomes. New methods for analyzing large DNA fragments cloned in yeast or bacterial vectors provide experimental access to genome evolution at the megabase level by enabling the assembly of megabase-size contiguous regions. Genome evolution at the megabase level can also be studied using high-resolution genetic maps. Rates and patterns of genome evolution in mammals (mouse versus humans) and Drosophila (D. virilis versus D. melanogaster) are compared and contrasted. Opportunities for research in genome evolution using the new technologies are enumerated and discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ajioka, J.W., Smoller, D.A., Jones, R.W., Carulli, J.P., Vellek, A.E.C., Garza, D., Link, A.J., Duncan, I.W. and Hartl, D.L. (1991) Drosophila genome project: One-hit coverage in yeast artifical chromosomes. Chromosoma 100: 495–509.
Alexander, M.L. (1976) The genetics of Drosophilia virilis. In: M. Ashburner and E. Novitski (eds): The Genetics and Biology of Drosophilia. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1365–1427.
Ashburner, M. (1989) Drosophila: A Laboratory Handbook. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
Berg, D.E. and Howe, M.M. (1989) Mobile DNA. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
Bernardi, G. (1989) The isochore organization of the human genome. Ann. Rev. Genet. 23: 637–661.
Beverley, S.M. and Wilson, A.C. (1984) Molecular evolution in Drosophila and the higher diptera II. Time scale for fly evolution. J. Mol. Evol. 21: 1–13.
Burke, D.T., Carle G.F. and Olson, M.V. (1987) Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artifical chromosome vectors. Science 236: 806–812.
Caccone, A., Amato, G.D. and Powell, J.R. (1988) Rates and patterns of scnDNA and mtDNA divergence within the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. Genetics 118: 671–683.
Carulli, J.P., Krane, D.E., Hartl, D.L. and Ochman, H. (1993) Compositional heterogeneity and patterns of molecular evolution in the Drosophila genome. Genetics 134: 837–845.
Coyne, J.A., Meyers, W., Crittenden, A.P. and Sniegowski, P. (1993) The fertility effects of pericentric inversions in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 134: 487–496.
DeSalle, R. (1992) The phylogenetic relationships of flies in the family Drosophilidae deduced from mtDNA sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 1: 31–40.
Dietrich, W., Katz, H., Lincoln, S.E., Shin, H.S., Friedman, J., Dracopoli, N.C. and Lander, E.S. (1992) A genetic map of the mouse suitable for typing intraspecific crosses. Genetics 131: 423–447.
Dobzhansky, T. (1937) Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press, New York.
Dobzhansky, T. (1970) Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press, New York.
Dove, W.F. (1993) The gene, the polygene, and the genome. Genetics 134: 999–1002.
Felsenstein, J. (1988) Phylogenies from molecular sequences: Inference and reliability. Ann. Rev. Genet. 22: 521–565.
Gall, J.G. (1973) Repetitive DNA in Drosophila. In: B.A. Hamkalo and J. Papaconstantinou (eds): Molecular Cytogenetics. Plenum, New York, pp. 59–73.
Gubenko, I.S. and Evgenev, M.B. (1984) Cytological and linkage maps of Drosophila virilis chromosomes. Genetica 65: 127–139.
Hartl, D.L. (1992) Genome map of Drosophila melanogaster based on yeast artifical chromosomes. In: K.E. Davis and S.M. Tilghman (eds): Genome Analysis Volume 4: Strategies for Physical Mapping. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, pp. 39–69.
Hartl, D.L. and Lozovskaya, E.R. (1992) The Drosophila genome project: Current status of the physical map. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 103B: 1–8.
Hartl, D.L., Ajioka, J.W., Cai, H., Lohe, A.R., Lozovskaya, E.R., Smoller, D.A. and Duncan, I.W. (1992) Towards a Drosophila genome map. Trends Genet. 8: 70–75.
Heberlein, U. and Rubin, G.M. (1990) Structural and functional comparisons of the Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster rough genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5916–5920.
Hilliker, A.J. (1985) Assaying chromosome arrangement in embryonic interphase nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster by radiation-induced interchanges. Genet. Res. 47: 13–18.
Hilliker, A.J. and Trusis-Coulter, S.N. (1987) Analysis of the functional significance of linkage group conservation in Drosophila. Genetics 117: 233–244.
Hillis, D.M. and Moritz, C. (1990) Molecular Systematics. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Hooper, J.E., Pérez-Alonzo, M., Bermingham, J.R., Prout, M., Rocklein, B.A., Wagenbach, M., Edstrom, J.-E., de Frutos, R. and Scott, M.P. (1992) Comparative studies of Drosophila Antennapedia genes. Genetics 132: 453–469.
John, B. and MiklĂłs, G.L.G. (1988) The Eukaryotic Genome in Development and Evolution. Allen and Unwin, London.
Kafatos, F.C., Louis, C., Savakis, C., Glover, D.M., Ashburner, M., Link, A.J., Sidén-Kiamos, I. and Saunders, R.D.C. (1991) Integrated maps of the Drosophila genome: progress and prospects. Trends Gene. 7: 155–161.
Laird, C.D. (1973) DNA of Drosophila chromosomes. Ann. Rev. Genet. 7: 177–204.
Lemeunier, F. and Ashburner, M. (1976) Relationships within the melanogaster species subgroup of the genus Drosophila (Sophophora). II. Phylogenetic relationships between six species based upon polytene chromosome banding sequences. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 193: 275–294.
Lemeunier, F., David, J.R., Tsacas, L. and Ashburner, M. (1986) The melanogaster species group. In: M. Ashburner and H.L. Carson (eds): The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. Academic Press, New York, pp. 147–256.
Li, W.-H., Gouy, M., Sharp, R.M., O’hUigin, C. and Yang, Y.-W. (1990) Molecular phylogeny of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Primates, Artiodactyla, and Carnivora and molecular clocks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6703–6707.
Lohe, A.R., Hilliker, A.J. and Roberts, P.A. (1993) Mapping simple repeated DNA sequences in heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 134: 1149–1174.
Loukas, M. and Kafatos, F.C. (1986) The actin loci in the genus Drosophila: Establishment of chromosomal homologies among distantly related species by in situ hybridization. Chromosoma 94: 297–308.
Lozovskaya, E.R., Scheinker, V.S. and Evgenev, M.B. (1990) A hybrid dysgenesis syndrome in Drosophila virilis. Genetics 126: 619–623.
Lozovskaya, E.R., Petrov, D.A. and Hartl, D.L. (1993) A combined molecular and cytogenetic approach to genome evolution in Drosophila using large-fragment DNA cloning. Chromosoma 102: 253–266.
Merriam, J., Ashburner, M., Hartl, D.L. and Kafatos, F.C. (1991) Toward cloning and mapping the genome of Drosophila. Science 254: 221–225.
Michael, W.M., Bowtell, D.D.L. and Rubin, G.M. (1990) Comparison of the sevenless genes of Drosophila virilis and Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5351–5353.
Miklós, G.L.G. (1985) Localized highly repetitive DNA sequences in vertebrate and invertebrate genomes. In: R.J. MacIntyre (ed): Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Plenum, New York, pp. 241–321.
Moriyama, E.N. and Gojobori, T. (1992) Rates of synonymous sutstitution and base composition of nuclear genes in Drosophila. Genetics 130: 855–864.
Moriyama, E.N. and Hartl, D.L. (1993) Codon usage bias and base composition of nuclear genes in Drosophila. Genetics 134: 847–858.
Muller, H.J. (1940) Bearings of the Drosophila work on systematics. In: J. Huxley (ed): New Systematics. Clarendon, Oxford, England, pp. 185–268.
Nadeau, J.H. and Taylor, B.A. (1984) Lengths of chromosomal segments conserved since the divergence of man and mouse. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 814–818.
Neufeld, T.P., Carthew, R.W. and Rubin, G.M. (1988) Evolution of gene position: Chromosomal arrangement and sequence comparison of the Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis sina and Rh4 genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10203–10207.
O’Brien, S.J., Seuánez, H.N. and Womack, J.E. (1985) On the evolution of genome organization in mammals. In: R.J. Maclntyre (ed.): Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Plenum, New York, pp. 519–589.
O’Brien, S.J. and Seuánez, H.N. (1988) Mammalian genome organization: An evolutionary view. Ann. Rev. Genet. 22: 323–351.
O’Brien, S.J. (1991) Mammalian genome mapping: lessons and prospects. Curr. Opinion Genet. Dev. 1: 105–111.
O’Brien, S.J. (1993) The genomics generation. Curr. Biol. 3: 395–397.
O’Brien, S.J., Womack, J.E., Lyons, L.A., Moore, K.J., Jenkins, N.A. and Copeland, N.G. (1993) Anchored reference loci for comparative genome mapping in mammals. Nature Genetics 3: 103–112.
Ohno, S. (1973) Ancient linkage groups and frozen accidents. Nature 244: 259–262.
Olson, M.V., Hood, L., Cantor, C. and Botstein, D. (1989) A common language for physical mapping of the human genome. Science 245: 1434–1440.
Palazzolo, M.J., Sawyer, S., Martin, C.H., Smoller, D.A. and Hartl, D.L. (1991) Optimized strategies for sequence-tagged-site selection in genome mapping. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8034–8038.
Pardue, M.L. (1986) In situ hybridization to DNA of chromosomes and nuclei. In: D.B. Roberts (ed.): Drosophila: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Washington, D.C.
Patterson, J.T., Stone, W.S. and Griffen, A.B. (1940) The virilis complex in Drosophila. Genetics 25: 131.
Patterson, J.T. and Stone, W.S. (1952) Evolution in the Genus Drosophila. Macmillan, New York.
Scheinker, V., Lozovskaya, E., Bishop, J.G., Corces, V.G. and Evgen’ev, M.B. (1990) A long terminal repeat-containing retrotransposon is mobilized during hybrid dysgenesis in D. virilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 9615–9619.
Sidén-Kiamos, I., Saunders, R.D.C., Spanos, L., Majerus, T., Treanear, J., Savakis, C., Louis, C., Glover, D.M., Ashburner, M. and Kafatos, F.C. (1990) Towards a physical map of the Drosophila melanogaster genome: Mapping of cosmid clones within defined genomic divisions. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 6261–6270.
Smoller, D.A., Petrov, D. and Hartl, D.L. (1991) Characterization of bacteriophage P1 library containing inserts of Drosophila DNA of 75–100 kilobase pairs. Chromosoma 100: 487–494.
Sternberg, N. (1990) Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 103–107.
Sturtevant, A.H. (1913) The linear arrangement of six sex-linked genes in Drosophila, as shown by their mode of association. J. Exper. Zool. 14: 43–59.
Sturtevant, A.H. and Novitski, E. (1941) The homologies of the chromosome elements in the genus Drosophila. Genetics 26: 517–541.
Throckmorton, L.H. (1982) The virilis species group. In: M. Ashburner, H.L. Carson and J.N.J. Thompson (eds): The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. Academic Press, New York, pp. 227–296.
Watson, J.D. (1990) The human genome project: Past, present, and future. Science 248: 44–49.
Weber, J.L. and May, P.E. (1989) Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 44: 388–396.
Whiting, J.H., Jr., Pliley, M.D., Farmer, J.L. and Jeffery, D.E. (1989) In situ hybridization analysis of chromosomal homologies in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila virilis. Genetics 122: 99–109.
Young, M.W. (1979) Middle repetitive DNA: A fluid component of the Drosophila genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 16: 6274–6278.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hartl, D.L., Lozovskaya, E.R. (1994). Genome evolution: Between the nucleosome and the chromosome. In: Schierwater, B., Streit, B., Wagner, G.P., DeSalle, R. (eds) Molecular Ecology and Evolution: Approaches and Applications. Experientia Supplementum, vol 69. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7527-1_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7527-1_34
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7529-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7527-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive