Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Influence of Respiratory Tract Fluid on Airway Calibre

  • Chapter
Airways Smooth Muscle: Development, and Regulation of Contractility

Part of the book series: Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy ((RPP))

Abstract

Increases in airflow resistance in the respiratory tract are produced by decreases in the calibre of the airways. Reductions in cross-sectional area of the airway lumen are due to a number of factors including smooth muscle contraction, airway wall thickening, increased surface tension at the air-liquid interface, reductions in the external support of the airway caused by changes in surrounding structures, and to increased luminal content of airway fluid. Each process alone may not be sufficient to significantly reduce airflow whereas interactions between one or more of the processes may well lead to marked airflow limitation. In the short-term, contraction of smooth muscle is considered to be associated with rapidly-developing decreases in airway calibre and is the process most readily identified with the term bronchoconstriction. However, increased secretion of mucus and water and the transepithelial passage of plasma from the bronchial vasculature would each increase fluid volume in the airway lumen which, although not constricting the bronchi, would decrease airway patency and contribute to airflow limitation. This chapter considers the influence of respiratory tract fluid on airway calibre and discusses the neurohumoral factors which, in addition to their effects on airways smooth muscle tone, contribute to increasing the volume of lumenal fluid.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sanderson MJ, Sleigh MA. Ciliary activity of cultured rabbit tracheal epithelium: beat pattern and metachrony. J Cell Sci 1981; 47: 331 - 347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Thornton DJ, Davies JR, Kraayenbrink M, Richardson PS, Sheehan JK, Carlstedt I. Mucus glycoproteins from ‘normal’ human tracheobronchial secretion. Biochem J 1990; 265: 179 - 186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Bhaskar KR, O’Sullivan DD, Seltzer A, Rossing TH, Drazen TM, Reid L. Density gradient study of bronchial mucus aspirates from healthy volvfnteers (smokers and non-smokers) and from patients with tracheostomy. Exp Lung Res 1985; 9: 289 - 308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bhaskar KR, O’Sullivan DD, Opaskar-Hincman H, Reid LM, Coles SJ. Density gradient analysis of secretions produced in vitro by human and canine airway mucosa: identification of lipids and proteoglycans in such secretions. Exp Lung Res 1985; 10: 401 - 422.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Doris L, Quinto PM. Filter paper equilibration as a novel technique for in vitro studies of the composition of airway surface fluid. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: L243 - L248.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kaliner MA. Human nasal respiratory secretions and host defense. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: S52 - S56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. King M, Gilboa A, Meyer FA, Silberberg A. On the transport of mucus by cilia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1974; 110: 740 - 745.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dulfano MJ, Adler KB. Physical properties of sputum VII. Rheologic properties and mucociliary transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 112: 341 - 347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Puchelle E, Zahm JM, Girard F, Bertrand A, Polu J. Aug F, Sadoul P. Mucociliary transport in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Respir Dis 1980; 61: 254 - 264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Nathanson I, Nadel JA. Movement of electrolytes and fluid across airways. Lung 1984; 162: 125 - 137.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Breeze RG, Wheeldon EB. The cells of the pulmonary airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116: 705 - 777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rhodin JAG. Ultrastructure and function of the human tracheal mucosa. Am Rev Respir Dis 1966; 93: 1 - 15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kilburn KH. A hypothesis for pulmonary clearance and its implications. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 98: 449 - 463.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Price AM, Webber SE, Widdicombe JG. Transport of albumin across the rabbit trachea in vitro. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 726 - 730.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Spicer SS, Chakrin LW, Wardell Jr JR, Kendrick W. Histochemistry of mucosubstances in the canine and human respiratory tract. Lab Invest 1971; 25: 483 - 490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jeffery PK. Structure and function of mucus secreting cells of cat and goose airway epithelium. In: Porter R, editor. Respiratory tract mucus. Ciba Foundation Symposium 54: 1978; 5 - 24.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Schulze FE. Epithel-und drusenzellen. Arch Mikrosk Anat 1867; 3: 139 - 197.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Jacob S, Poddar S. Mucus cells of the tracheobronchial tree in the ferret. Proc Anat Soc 1981; 133: 55 - 62.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Robinson NP, Yenning L, Kyle H, Widdicombe JG. Quantitation of the secretory cells of the ferret tracheobronchial tree. J Anat 1986; 145: 173 - 188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Rogers DF, Jeffery PK. Inhibition of cigarette smoke-induced airway secretory cell hyperplasia by indomethacin, dexamethasone, prednisolone, or hydrocortisone in the rat. Exp Lung Res 1986; 10: 285 - 298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Jeffery PK. Morphologic features of airway surface epithelial cells and glands. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: S14 - S20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Widdicombe JG, Pack RJ. The Clara cell. Eur J Respir Dis 1982; 63: 202 - 220.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lumsden AB, McLean A, Lamb D. Goblet and Clara cells of human distal airways: evidence for smoking induced changes in their numbers. Thorax 1984; 39: 844 - 849.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jeffery PK, Reid L. The effect of tobacco smoke, with or without phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), on rat bronchial epithelium: a light and electron microscopic study. J Path 1981; 133: 341 - 359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Meyrick B, Sturgess JM, Reid L. A reconstruction of the human bronchial gland. Thorax 1969; 24: 729 - 736.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reid LM. Secretory cells. Fed Proc 1977; 36: 2703 - 2707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Goco RV, Kress MB and Branigan OC. Comparison of mucus glands in the tracheal bronchial tree of man and animals. Ann NY Acad Sci 1963; 106: 555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gatto LA, Aiello E. Mucus-secreting glands and goblet cells in the trachea of the deer mouse Peromyscus leucopus. Trans Am Microsc Soc 1981; 100: 355 - 365.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Phipps RJ, Richardson PS, Corfield A, Gallagher PK Jeffery PK, Kent PW, Passatore M. A physiological, biochemical and histological study of goose tracheal mucin and its secretion. Phil Trans R Soc London (Biol) 1977; 9: 513 - 543.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Reid L. Pathology of chronic bronchitis. Lancet 1954; is 275-278.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ueki I, German VF, Nadel JA. Micropipette measurement of airway submucosal gland secretion: autonomic effects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 351 - 357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Quinton PM. Composition and control of secretions from tracheal bronchial submucosal glands. Nature 1979; 279: 551 - 552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Davies JR, Richardson PS. Dense macromolecules in airway mucus from the anaesthetized cat: an artifact of the liquid-filled trachea? J Physiol 1989; 409: 45.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Webber SE. The effects of peptide histidine isoleucine and neuropeptide Y on mucus volume output from the ferret trachea. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 95: 49 - 54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Webber SE, Widdicombe JG. The actions of methacholine, phenylephrine, salbutamol and histamine on mucus secretion from the ferret in vitro trachea. Agents Actions 1987; 22: 82 - 85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Coles SJ, Reid L. Inhibition of glycoconjugate secretion by colchicine and cytochalsin B: an in vitro study of human airway. Cell Tissue Res 1981; 214: 107 - 118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Davies JR, Gallagher JT, Richardson PS, Sheehan JK, Carlstedt I. Mucins in cat airway secretions. Biochem J 1991; 275: 663 - 669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Fung DCK, Beacock DJ, Richardson PS. Vagal control of mucus glycoconjugate secretion into the feline trachea. J Physiol 1992b; 453: 435 - 447.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Varsano SC, Basbaum CB, Forsberg LS, Borson DB, Caughey G, Nadel JA. Dog tracheal epithelial cells in culture synthesise sufated macromolecular glycoconjugates and release them from the cell surface upon exposure to extracellular proteinases. Exp Lung Res 1987; 13: 157 - 184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Welsh MJ. Electrolyte transport by airway epithelia. Physiol Rev 1987; 67: 1143 - 1184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Olver RE, Davis B, Marin MG, Nadel JA. Active transport of Na+ and Cl-across the canine epithelium in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 112: 811 - 815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Al-Bazzaz FJ, Al-Awqati Q. Interaction between sodium and chloride transport in canine tracheal mucosa. J Appl Physiol 1979; 46: 111 - 119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Boucher RC, Stutts MJ, Gatzy JT. Regional differences in bioelectric properties and ion flow in excised canine airways. J Appl Physiol 1981; 51: 706 - 714.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Crawley DC, Shad M, Ramnarine SI, Rogers DF. Albumin absorption by ferret trachea in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147 (suppl): A432.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Johnson LG, Cheng PW, Boucher RC. Albumin absorption by canine bronchial epithelium. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 2772 - 2777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Erjefalt I, Persson CGA. Inflammatory passage of plasma macromolecules into airway wall and lumen. Pulm Pharmacol 1989; 2: 93 - 102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Florey H, Carlton H, Wells SA. Mucus secretion in the trachea. Br J Exp Path 1932; 13: 269 - 284.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gallagher JT, Kent PW, Passatore M, Phipps RJ, Richardson PS. The composition of tracheal mucus and the nervous control of its secretion in the cat. Proc R Soc (Biol) 1975; 192: 49 - 76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Rogers DF, Evans TW. Plasma exudation and oedema in asthma. Brit Med Bull 1992; 48: 120 - 134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Wanner A. Clinical aspects of mucociliary clearance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116: 73 - 125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Peatfield AC, Richardson PS. The action of dust in the airways on secretion into the trachea of the cat. J Physiol 1983; 342: 327 - 334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Phipps RJ, Richardson PS. The effects of irritation at various levels of the airway upon tracheal mucus secretion in the cat. J Physiol 1976; 261: 563 - 581.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. German VF, Ueki IF, Nadel JA. Micropipette measurement of airway submucosal gland secretion: laryngeal reflex. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 413 - 416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. German VF, Corrales R, Ueki IF, Nadel JA. Reflex stimulation of tracheal gland secretion by gastric irritation in cats. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1153 - 1155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Williams IP, Rich B, Richardson PS. Action of serum on the output of secretory glycoproteins from human bronchi in vitro. Thorax 1983; 38: 682 - 685.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. List SJ, Findlay BP, Forstner GG, Forstner JF. Enhancement of the viscosity of mucin by serum albumin. Biochem J 1978; 175: 565 - 571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Marriott C, Beeson MF, Brown DT. Biopolymer-induced changes in mucus viscoelasticity. Adv Exp Med Biol 1982; 144: 89 - 92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Dunnill MS. The pathology of asthma with special reference to changes in the bronchial mucosa. J Clin Path 1960; 13: 27 - 33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Davis B, Chinn R, Gold J, Popovac D, Widdicombe JG, Nadel JA. Hypoxemia reflexly increases secretion from tracheal submucosal glands in dogs. J Appl Physiol 1982; 52: 1416 - 1419.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Cheung A, Polak JM, Bauer FE, Cadieux A, Christofides ND, Springall DR, Bloom SR. Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the respiratory tract of pig, guinea pig, rat and dog. Thorax 1985; 40: 889 - 896.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dey RD, Hoffpauir J, Said SI. Colocalization of vasoactive intestinal peptide in substance P containing nerves in cat bronchi. Neuroscience 1988; 24: 275 - 281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Laitinen A, Partanen M, Hervonen A, Peto-Juikko M, Laitinen LA. VIP-like immunoreactive nerves in human respiratory tract. Light and electron microscopic study. Histochemistry 1985; 82: 313 - 319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lundberg JM, Fahrenkrug J, Hokfelt T, Martling CR, Larsson O, Tatemoto K, Anggard A. Co-existence of peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) and VIP in nerves regulating blood flow and bronchial smooth muscle tone in various mammals including man. Peptides 1984; 5: 593 - 606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ghatei MA, Springall DR, Richards IM, Oostveen JA, Griffin RL, Cadieux A, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Regulatory peptides in respiratory tract of Macaca fascicularis. Thorax 1987; 42: 431 - 439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Sheppard MN, Polak JM, Allen JM, Bloom SR. Neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), a newly discovered peptide, is present in mammalian respiratory tract. Thorax 1984; 39: 326 - 330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Holzer P. Capsaicin: cellular targets, mechanism of action, and selectivity for thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43: 143 - 201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Maggi CA, Meli A. The sensory-efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurones. Gen Pharmacol 1987; 19: 1 - 43.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Szolcsanyi J. Antidromic vasodilatation and neurogenic inflammation. Agents Actions 1988; 23: 4 - 11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Barnes PJ, Baraniuk JN, Belvisi MG. Neuropeptides in the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 1187 - 1198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Luts A, Sundler F. Peptide containing nerve fibres in the respiratory tract of the ferret. Cell Tissue Res 1989; 258: 259 - 267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lindh B, Lundberg JM, Hokfelt T. NPY-, galnin-, VIP/PHI-, CGRP- and substance P-immunoreactive neuronal populations in cat autonomic and sensory ganglia and their projections. Cell Tissue Res 1989; 256: 259 - 273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Barnes Pi. Neural control of human airways in health and disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 1289 - 1314.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Baker B, Peatfield AC, Richardson PS. Nervous control of mucin secretion into human bronchi. J Physiol 1985; 365: 297 - 305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Borson DB, Charlin M, Gold BD, Nadel JA. Neural regulation of 35504-macromolecule secretion from tracheal glands of ferrets. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 457 - 466.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. McDonald DM. Neurogenic inflammation in the rat trachea. I. Changes in venules, leukocytes and epithelial cells. J Neurocytol 1988; 17: 583 - 603.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Yokuyama K, Kuo H-P, Rohde JAL, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Neural control of goblet cell secretion in guinea pig airways. Am J Physiol 1990; 259: L108 - L115.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Kuo H-P, Rohde JAL, Barnes Pi, Rogers DF. Cigarette smoke-induced airway goblet cell secretion: dose-dependent differential nerve activation. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: L161 - L167.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Chakrin L, Baker AP, Christian P, Wardell J. Effect of cholinergic stimulation on the release of macromolecules by canine trachea in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 108: 69 - 76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dwyer TM, Szebeni A, Diveki K, Farley JM. Transient cholinergic glycoconjugate secretion from swine tracheal submucosal gland cells. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L418 - L426.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Gater PR, Alabaster VA, Piper I. A study of the muscarinic receptor subtype mediating mucous secretion in the cat trachea in vitro. Pulm Pharmacol 1989; 2: 87 - 92.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Ishihara H, Shimura A, Satoh M, Masuda T, Nonaka H, Takishima T, Tamura K. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in feline tracheal submucosal gland secretion. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L223 - L228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Yang CM, Farley JM, Dwyer TM. Muscarinic stimulation of submucosal glands in swine trachea. J Appl Physiol 1988; 64: 200 - 209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Mak JCW, Barnes PJ. Autoradiographic visualization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human and guinea pig lung. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1559 - 1568.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Barnes PJ. Muscarinic receptors in airways: recent developments. J Appl Physiol 1990; 68: 1777 - 1785.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Corrales RJ, Coleman DL, Jacoby DB, Leikauf GD, Hahn HL, Nadel JA, Widdicombe JH. Ion transport across cat and ferret tracheal epithelium. J Appl Physiol 1986; 61: 1065 - 1070.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Knowles M, Murray G, Shallal J, Askin F, Ranga V, Gatzy J, Boucher R. Bioelectric properties and ion flow across excised human bronchi. J Appl Physiol 1984; 56: 868 - 877.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Jarnigan F, Davis JD, Bromberg PA, Gatzy JT, Boucher RC. Bioelectric properties and ion transport of excised rabbit trachea. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1884 - 1892.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Sasaki T, Sanae S, Ikeda K, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Sodium efflux from isolated submucosal gland in feline trachea. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: L112 - L117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Welsh MJ, Widdicombe JH, Nadel JA. Fluid transport across the canine tracheal epithelium. J Appl Physiol 1980; 49: 905 - 909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Lundberg JM, Saria A. Capsaicin-sensitive vagal neurones involved in control of vascular permeability in rat trachea. Acta Physiol Scand 1982; 115: 521 - 523.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Lundberg JM, Saria A. Capsaicin-induced desensitization of airway mucosa to cigarette smoke, mechanical and chemical irritants. Nature 1983; 302: 251 - 253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Belvisi MG, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Neurogenic inflammation in the airways: characterisation of electrical parameters for vagus nerve stimulation in the guinea pig. J Neurosci Meth 1990; 32: 159 - 167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Webber SE, Widdicombe JG. The transport of albumin across the ferret in vitro whole trachea. J Physiol 1989; 408: 457 - 472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Peatfield AC, Barnes PJ, Bratcher C, Nadel JA, Davis B. Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates tracheal submucosal gland secretion in ferret. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 128: 89 - 93.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Shimura S, Sasaki T, Ikeda K, Sasaki H, Takishima T. VIP augments cholinergie-induced glycoconjugate secretion in tracheal submucosal glands. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 2537 - 2544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Coles SJ, Said SI, Reid LM. Inhibition by vasoactive intestinal peptide of glucoconjugate and lysozyme secretion by human airways in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 5310026536.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Nathanson I, Widdicombe JH, Barnes PJ. Effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on ion transport across dog tracheal epithelium. J Appl Physiol 1983; 55: 1844 - 1848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Webber SE, Widdicombe JG. The effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide on smooth muscle tone and mucus volume output from the ferret trachea. Br J Pharmacol 1987b; 91: 139 - 148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Ellis JL, Farmer SG. Modulation of cholinergie neurotransmission by vasoactive intestinal peptide and histidine isoleucine in guinea-pig tracheal smooth muscle. Pulm Pharmacol 1989; 2: 107 - 112.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Stretton CD, Belvisi MG, Barnes PJ. Modulation of neural bronchoconstrictor responses in the guinea pig respiratory tract by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Neuropeptides 1991; 18: 149 - 157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Ellis JL, Farmer SG. The effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antagonists, and VIP and peptide histidine isoleucine antisera on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic relaxations of tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 96: 513 - 520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Ellis JL, Farmer SG. Effects of peptidases on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory responses of tracheal smooth muscle: a comparison with effects on VIP- and PHI-induced relaxation. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 96: 521 - 526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Lei Y-H, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Regulation of NANC neural bronchoconstriction in vivo in the guinea-pig: involvement of nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and soluble guanylyl cyclase. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108: 228 - 235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Phipps RJ, Williams IP, Richardson PS, Pell J, Pack RH, Wright N. Sympathomimetic drugs stimulate the output of secretory glycoproteins from human bronchi in vitro. Clin Sci 1982; 63: 23 - 28.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Peatfield AC, Richardson PS. The control of mucin secretion into the lumen of the cat trachea by a-and ß-adrenoceptors, and their relative involvement during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Eur J Pharmacol 1982; 81: 617 - 626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Al-Bazzaz FJ, Cheng E. Effect of catecholamines on ion transport in dog tracheal epithelium. J Appl Physiol 1979; 47: 397 - 403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Liedke CM. Interaction of epinephrine with isolated rabbit tracheal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: C209 - C215.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Welsh MJ. Adrenergic regulation of ion transport by primary cultures of canine tracheal epithelium: cellular electrophysiology. J Membr Biol 1986; 91: 121 - 128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Fung DCK, Allenby MI, Richardson PS. NANC nerve pathways controlling mucus glycoconjugate secretion into the feline trachea. J Appl Physiol 1992; 73: 625 - 630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Kuo H-P, Rohde JAL, Tokuyama K, Barnes Pi, Rogers DF. Capsaicin and sensory neuropeptide stimulation of goblet cell secretion in guinea-pig trachea. J Physiol 1990; 431: 629 - 641.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Peatfield AC, Richardson PS. Evidence for noncholinergic, non-adrenergic nervous control of mucus secretion into cat trachea. J Physiol 1983; 342: 335 - 345.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rogers DF, Barnes PJ. Opioid inhibition of neurally mediated mucus secretion in human bronchi. Lancet 1989; i: 930-932.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Lundberg JM, Martling C-R, Saria A. Substance P and capsaicin-induced contraction of human bronchi. Acta Physiol Scand 1983; 119: 49 - 53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Coles SJ, Neill KH, Reid LM. Potent stimulation of glycoprotein secretion by substance P. J Appl Physiol 1984; 57: 1323 - 1327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Shimura S, Sasaki T, Okayama H, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Effect of substance P on mucus secretion of isolated submucosal gland from feline trachea. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 646 - 653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Gashi AA, Borson DB, Finkbeiner WE, Nadel JA, Basbaum CB. Neuropeptides degranulate serous cells of ferret tracheal glands. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: C223 - C229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lundgren JD, Wiederman CJ, Logun C, Plutchok J, Kaliner M. Shelhamer JH. Substance P receptor-mediated secretion of respiratory glycoconjugate from feline airways in vitro. Exp Lung Res 1989; 15: 17 - 29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Mizoguchi H, Hicks CR. Effects of neurokinins on ion transport and sulfated macromolecule release in isolated ferret trachea. Exp Lung Res 1989; 15: 837 - 848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Rogers DF, Aursudkij B, Barnes PJ. Effects of tachykinins on mucus secretion in human bronchi in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 174: 283 - 286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Webber SE. Receptors mediating the effects of substance P and neurokinin A on mucus secretion and smooth muscle tone of the ferret trachea: potentiation by an enkephalinase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 1989; 98: 1197 - 1206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Meini S, Mak JCW, Rhode JAL, Rogers DF. Tachykinin control of ferret airways: mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction and receptor mapping. Neuropeptides 1993; 24: 81 - 89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Ramnarine SI, Hirayama Y, Lee S, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Tachykinin NK, receptors mediate neurogenic mucus secretion in ferret trachea in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 711A.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Rogers DF, Belvisi MG, Aursudkij B, Evans TW, Barnes PJ. Effect and interactions of sensory neuropeptides on airway microvascular leakage in guinea pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1988; 95: 1109 - 1116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Abelli L, Maggi CA, Rovero P, Del Bianco E, Regoli D, Drapeau G, Giachetti A. Effect of synthetic tachykinin analogs on airway microvascular leakage in rats and guinea pigs: evidence for the involvement of NK, receptors. J Auton Pharmacol 1991; 11: 267 - 273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Delay-Goyet P, Lundberg JM. Cigarette smoke-induced airway oedema is blocked by the NK1 antagonist, CP-96,345. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 203: 157 - 158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hirayama Y, Lei Y-H, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Effects of two novel tachykinin antagonists, FK224 and FK888, on neurogenic airway plasma exudation, bronchoconstriction and systemic hypotension in guinea pigs. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108: 844 - 851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Tousignant C, Chan C-C, Guevremont D, Brideau C, Hale JJ, MacCoss M, Rodger IW. NK2 receptors mediate plasma extravasation in guinea-pig lower airways. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108: 383 - 386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Advenier C, Naline E, Toty L, Bakdach H, Emonds-Alt X, Vilain P, et al. Effects on the isolated human bronchus of SR 48968, a potent and selective nonpeptide antagonist of the neurokinin A (NK2) receptors. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1177 - 1181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Maggi CA, Patacchini R, Quartara L, Rovero P, Santicioli P. Tachykinin receptors and noncholinergic bronchoconstriction in guinea pig isolated bronchi. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 363 - 367.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Webber SE, Lim JCS, Widdicombe JG. The effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on submucosal gland secretion and epithelial albumin transport in the ferret trachea in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 102: 79 - 84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Borson DB. Roles of neutral endopeptidase in airways. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: L212 - L225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Borson DB, Corrales R, Varsano S, Gold M, Viro N, Caughey G, Ramachandran J, Nadel JA. Enkephalinase inhibitors potentiate substance P-induced secretion of 35SO4 macromolecules from ferret trachea. Exp Lung Res 1987; 12: 21 - 36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Lotvall JO, Tokuyama K, Lofdahl C-G, Ullman A, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Peptidase modulation of noncholinergic vagal bronchoconstriction and airway microvascular leakage. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 2730 - 2735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Barnes PJ, Chung KF, Page CP. Inflammatory mediators and asthma. Pharmacol Rev 1988; 40: 49 - 84.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Boat TF, Cheng PW, Klinger JD, Liedtke CM, Tandler B. Proteinases release mucin from airways goblet cells. In: Mucus and Mucosa, Ciba Foundation Symposium 109, 1984: 72 - 88.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Breuer R, Christensen TG, Lucey EC, Stone PJ, Snider GL. An ultrastructural morpho-metric analysis of elastase-treated hamster bronchi shows discharge followed by progressive accumulation of secretory granules. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 698 - 703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Breuer R, Christensen TG, Niles RM, Stone PJ, Snider GL. Human neutrophil elastase causes glycoconjugate release from the cell surface of hamster trachea in organ culture. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 779 - 782.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Kim KC, Wasano K, Niles RM, Schuster JE, Stone PJ, Brody JS. Human neutrophil elastase releases cell surface mucins from primary cultures of hamster tracheal epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1987; 84: 9304 - 9308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Somerville M, Richardson PS, Rutman A, Wilson R, Cole PJ. Stimulation of secretion into human and feline airways by Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteases. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 2259 - 2267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Sommerhoff CP, Caughey GH, Finkbeiner WE, Lazarus SC, Basbaum CB, Nadel JA. Mast cell chymase: a potent secretagogue for airway gland serous cells. J Immunol 1989; 142: 2450 - 2456.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sommerhoff CP, Nadel JA, Basbaum CB, Caughey GH. Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G stimulate secretion from cultured bovine airway gland serous cells. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 682 - 689.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Sommerhoff CP, Krell RD, Williams JL, Gomes BC, Strimpler AM, Nadel JA. Inhibition of neutrophil elastase by ICI 200,355. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 193: 153 - 158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Baker AP, Hillegas LM, Holden DA and Smith WJ. Effect of kallidin, substance P, and other basic polypeptides on the production of respiratory macromolecules. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 115: 811 - 817.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Smith JJ, McCann JD, Welsh MJ. Bradykinin stimulates airway epithelial Cl-secretion via two second messenger pathways. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: L369 - L377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Rogers DF, Dijk S, Barnes PJ. Bradykinin-induced plasma exudation in guinea pig airways: involvement of platelet activating factor. Br J Pharmacol 1990; 101: 7390026745.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Yamatake Y, Yanaura S. New method for evaluating bronchomotor and bronchosecretory activities effects of prostaglandins and antigen. Jap J Pharmacol 1978; 28: 391 - 402.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Rich B, Peatfield AC, Williams IP, Richardson PS. Effects of prostaglandins El, E2 and F2alpha on mucin secretion from human bronchi in vitro. Thorax 1984; 39: 420 - 423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Marom Z, Shelhamer JH, Kaliner M. Effects of arachidonic acid, monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and prostaglandins on the release of mucus glycoproteins from human airways in vitro. J Clin Invest 1981; 67: 16950026 1702.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Shelhamer JH, Marom Z, Sun F, Back MK, Kaliner M. The effects of arachinoids and leukotrienes on the release of mucus from human airways. Chest 1982; 81: S36 - S37.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Peatfield AC, Piper PJ, Richardson PS. The effect of leukotriene C4 on mucin release into cat trachea in vivo and in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 1982; 77: 391 - 393.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Hoffstein ST, Malo PE, Bugelski P, Wheeldon EB. Leukotriene D4 induces mucus secretion from goblet cells in the guinea pig respiratory epithelium. Exp Lung Res 1990; 16: 711 - 725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Al-Bazzaz F, Yadava VP, Westen-Felder C. Modification of Na and CI transport in canine tracheal mucosa by prostaglandins. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: F101 - F105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Leikauf GD, Ueki IF, Widdicombe JH, Nadel JA. Alteration of chloride secretion across canine tracheal epithelium by lipoxygenase products of arachidonic acid. Am J Physiol 1986; 250: F47 - F53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Evans TW, Rogers DF, Aursudkij B, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Regional and time-dependent effects of inflammatory mediators on airway microvascular permeability in the guinea pig. Clin Sci 1989; 76: 479 - 485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Sasaki T, Shimura S, Ikeda K, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Platelet activating factor increases platelet-dependent glycoconjugate secretion from tracheal submucosal gland. Am J Physiol 1989; 257: L373 - L378.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Adler KB, Schwarz JE, Anderson WH, Welton AF. Platelet activating factor stimulates secretion of mucin by explants of rodent airways in organ culture. Exp Lung Res 1987; 13: 25 - 43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Rogers DF, Alton EWFW, Aursudkij B, Boschetto P, Dewar A, Barnes PJ. Effect of platelet activating factor on formation and composition of airway fluid in the guinea pia. J Physiol 1990; 431: 643 - 658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Lundgren JD, Kaliner M, Logun C, Shelhamer JH. Platelet activating factor and tracheobronchial respiratory glycoconjugate release in feline and human explants: involvement of the lipoxygenase pathway. Agents Actions 1990; 30: 329 - 337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Richardson PS, Phipps RJ, Balfre K, Hall RC. The roles of mediators, irritants and allergens in causing mucin secretion from the trachea. In: Respiratory Tract Mucus. Ciba Found Symp 54: 1978; 111 - 131.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Shelhamer JH, Marom Z, Kaliner M. Immunologic and neuropharmacologic stimulation of mucous glycoprotein release from human airways in vitro. J Clin Invest 1980; 66: 1400 - 1408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Marin MG, Davis B, Nadel JA. Effect of histamine on electrical and ion transport properties of tracheal epithelium. J Appl Physiol 1977; 42: 735 - 738.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Popovac D, Chinn R, Graf P, Nadel J. and Davis B. Serotonin potentiates nervous stimulation of mucus gland secretion in canine trachea in vivo. Physiologist 1979; 22: 102.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Shimura S, Sasaki T, Okayama H, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Neural control of contraction in isolated submucosal gland from feline trachea. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 2404 - 2409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Kim KC, Lee BC. PS purinoceptor regulation of mucin release by airway goblet cells in primary culture. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 103: 1053 - 1056.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Pratt AG, Clancy G, Welsh MJ. Mucosal adenosine stimulates chloride secretion in canine tracheal epithelium. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: C167 - C174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Shimura S, Ishihara H, Sato M, Masuda T, Nagaki N, Sasaki H, Takishima T. Endothelin stimulation of mucus glycoprotein secretion from feline tracheal submucosal glands. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L208 - L213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Yurdakos E, Webber SE. Endothelin-1 inhibits prestimulated tracheal submucosal gland secretion and epithelial albumin transport. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 104: 1050 - 1056.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Plews PI, Abdel-Malek ZA, Doupnik CA, Leikauf GD. Endothelin stimulates chloride secretion across tracheal epithelium. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: L188 - L194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Marom Z, Shelhamer J, Berger M, Frank M, Kaliner M. Anaphylatoxin C3a enhances mucous glycoprotein release from human airways in vitro. J Exp Med 1985; 161: 657 - 668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Adler KB, Holden-Stauffer WJ, Repine JE. Oxygen metabolites stimulate release of high molecular-weight glycoconjugates by cell and organ cultures of rodent respiratory epithelium via an arachidonic acid dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 1990; 85: 75 - 85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Morikawa T, Webber SE, Widdicombe JG. The effect of hydrogen peroxide on smooth muscle tone, mucus secretion and epithelial albumin transport of the ferret trachea in vitro. Pulm Pharmacol 1991; 4: 106 - 113.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Medical Research Council. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. Lancet 1965; is 775-779.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Peto R, Speizer FE, Cochrane AL, Moore F, Fletcher CM, Tinker CM, Higgins ITT, Gray RG, Richards SM, Grilland J, Norman-Smith B. The relevance in adults of air-flow obstruction, but not of mucus hypersecretion, to mortality from chronic lung disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1983; 128: 491 - 500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Coles SJ, Reid L. Glycoprotein secretion in vitro by human airway: normal and chronic bronchitis. Exp Mol Pathol 1978; 29: 326 - 341.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Coles SJ, Reid L. The effect of drugs on the incorporation of glycoprotein precursors into goblet cells of normal and hypertrophied human airway epithelium. In: Bouhuys A, editor. Lung Cells in Disease. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1976: 109 - 112.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Reid L. An experimental study of hypersecretion of mucus in the bronchial tree. Br J Exp Path 1963; 44: 437 - 445.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Lamb D, Reid L. Goblet cells increase in rat bronchial epithelium after exposure to cigarette and cigar smoke. Br Med J 1969; 1: 33 - 35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Rogers DF, Turner NC, Marriott C, Jeffery PK. Cigarette smoke-induced ‘chronic bronchitis’: a study in situ of laryngo-tracheal hypersecretion in the rat. Clin Sci 1987; 72: 629 - 637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Sturgess J, Reid L. An organ culture study of the effect of drugs on the secretory activity of the human bronchial submucosal gland. Clin Sci 1972; 43: 533 - 543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Mann JS, George CF. Anticholinergic drugs in the treatment of airways disease. Br J Dis Chest 1985; 79: 209 - 228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Koyama S, Rennard SI, Leikauf GD, Robbing RA. Bronchial epithelial cells release monocyte chemotactic activity in response to smoke and endotoxin J Immunol 1991; 147: 972 - 979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Robbins RA, Nelson KJ, Gossman GL, Koyama S, Rennard SI. Complement activation by cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: L254 - L259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Peatfield AC, Davies JR, Richardson PS. The effect of tobacco smoke upon airway secretion in the cat. Clin Sci 1986; 71: 179 - 187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Huber HL, Kossler KK. The pathology of bronchial asthma. Ann Intern Med 1922; 30: 689 - 701.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Earle BV. Fatal bronchial asthma. Thorax 1953; 8: 195 - 206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Houston JC, de Navasquez S, Trounce JR. A clinical and pathological study of fatal cases of asthmaticus. Thorax 1953; 8: 207 - 213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Dunnill MS. The morphology of the airways in bronchial asthma. In: Stein M, editor.New directions in asthma. Park Ridge: American College of Chest Physicians, 1975: 213-221.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Barnes PJ, Ind PW, Brown MJ. Plasma histamine and catecholamines in stable asthmatic subjects. Clin Sci 1982; 62: 661 - 665.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Casale TB, Wood D, Richerson HB, Trapp S, Metzger WJ, Zavala D, Hunnighake. Elevated bronchoalveolar lavage fluid histamine levels in allergic asthmatics are associated with methacholine bronchial hyperresponsiveness. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 1197 1203.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Wenzel SE, Westcott JY, Larsen GL. Bronchoalveolar fluid mediator levels 5 minutes after allergen challenge in atopic subjects with asthma: relationship to the development of late asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991; 87: 540 - 548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Abe K, Watanabe AK, Kumagai N, Mouri N, Seki T, Yoshinaga K. Circulating plasma kinin in patients with bronchial asthma. Experientia 1967; 23: 626 - 627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Bortkiewicz J. Arginine esterase activity of the plasma in different types of bronchial asthma. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 1983; 31: 71 - 73.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Christiansen SC, Proud D, Cochrane CG. Detection of tissue kallikrein in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic patients. J Clin Invest 1987; 79: 188 - 197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Creticos PS, Peters SP, Adkinson Jr, NF, Naclerio RM, Hayes EC, Norman PS, Lichtenstein LM. Peptide leukotriene release after antigen challenge in patients sensitive to ragweed. New Eng J Med 1984; 310: 1626 - 1630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Zakrewski JT, Barnes PJ, Piper NC, Costello JF. Measurement of leukotriene in arterial and venous blood from normal and asthmatic subjects by radioimmunoassay. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 19: 574.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Taylor IK, Ward PS, O’Shaunessy K, Dollery CT, Black P, Barrow SE, et al. Thromboxane Az biosynthesis in acute asthma after antigen challenge. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 119 - 125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Wenzel SE, Westcott JY, Smith HR, Larsen GL. Spectrum of prostanoid release after bronchoalveolar allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics and in control group. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 450 - 457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Nakamura T, Morita Y, Kuriyama M, Ishihara K, Ito K, Miyamoto T. Platelet activating factor in late asthmatic response. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1987; 82: 57 - 61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Court EN, Goadby P, Hendrick DJ, Kelly CA, Kingston WP, Stenton SC, Walters EH. Platelet activating factor in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic subjects. Br J Pharmacol 1987; 24: 258 - 259.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Calhoun WJ, Salisbury SM, Bush RK, Busse WW. Increased superoxide release from alveolar macrophages in symptomatic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: A224.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Sedgwick JB, Geiger KM, Busse WW. Superoxide generation by hypodense eosinophils from patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 142: 1990; 120 - 125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Boucher RC, Cheng EHC, Paradiso AM, Stutts MJ, Knowles MR, Earp HS. Chloride secretory responses of cystic fibrosis human airway epithelia: preservation of calcium but not protein kinase C- and A-dependent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1424 1431.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Yamaya M, Finkbeiner WE, Widdicombe JH. Altered ion transport by tracheal glands in cystic fibrosis. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: L481 - L499.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Knowles MR, Stutts MJ, Spock A, Fischer N, Gatzy JT, Boucher RC. Abnormal ion permeation through cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelium. Science 1983; 221: 1967 - 1070.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Rogers DF, Alton EWFW, Dewar A, Lethem MI, Barnes PJ. Impaired stimulus-evoked mucus secretion in cystic fibrosis bronchi. Exp Lung Res 1993; 37: 37 - 53.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Merten MD, Figarella C. Constitutive hypersecretion and insensitivity to neurotransmitters by cystic fibrosis tracheal gland cells. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: L93 - L99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Cheng P-W, Boat TF, Cranfill K, Yankaskas JR, Boucher RC. Increased sulfation of glycoconjugates by cultured nasal epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 68 - 72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Jones R, Reid L. Secretory cell hyperplasia and modification of intracellular glycoprotein in rat airways induced by short periods of exposure to tobacco smoke, and the effect of the anti-inflammatory agent phenylmethyloxadiazole. Lab Invest 1978; 39: 41 - 49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Greig N, Ayers M, Jeffery PK. The effect of indomethacin on the response of bronchial epithelium to tobacco smoke. J Path 1980; 132: 1 - 9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Lundgren JD, Kaliner M, Logun C, Shelhamer JH. Dexamethasone reduces rat tracheal goblet cell hyperplasia produced by human neutrophil products. Exp Lung Res 1988; 14: 853 - 863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Rogers DF, Jeffery PK. Inhibition by oral N-acetylcysteine of cigarette smoke-induced ‘bronchitis’ in the rat. Exp Lung Res 1986; 10: 267 - 283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Rogers DF, Godfrey RWA, Castro K, Majumbdar S, Jeffery PK. Effects of a new compound (Zy 15850A) on cigarette smoke-induced bronchitis in the rat. Agents Actions 1991; 33: 359 - 366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. White RR, Broillet A, Maignan MF. Efficacy of ZY 16039 in alleviating S02-induced bronchitis in rats. Clin Respir Physiol 1987; 23: 3675.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Rogers DF, Turner NC, Marriott C, Jeffery PK. Oral N-acetylcysteine or Scaboxymethylcysteine inhibit cigarette smoke-induced hypersecretion of mucus in rat larynx and trachea in situ. Eur Respir J 1989; 2: 955 - 960.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Jones R: The glycoproteins of secretory cells in airway epithelium. In: Respiratory Tract Mucus. Ciba Foundation Symposium 54 (New Series): Holland: Elsevier, 1978: 175193.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Rogers DF, Jeffery PK. Indomethacin and flurbiprofen speed recovery of rat bronchial epithelium after exposure to cigarette smoke. Exp Lung Res 1986; 10: 299 - 312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Rogers DF, Godfrey RWA, Majumbdar S, Jeffery PK. Oral N-acetylcysteine speeds reversal of cigarette smoke-induced mucous cell hyperplasia in the rat. Exp Lung Res 1987; 14: 19 - 35.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Marom Z, Shelhamer J, Ailing D, Kaliner M. The effects of corticosteroids on mucous glycoprotein secretion from human airways in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 62 - 65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Agnew JE, Bateman JRM, Pavia D, Clarke SW. Peripheral airways mucus clearance in stable asthma by oral corticosteroid therapy. Bull Eur Physiopath Respir 1984; 20: 295 - 301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Cockcroft DW, Murdock KY. Comparative effects of inhaled salbutamol, sodium cromoglycate, and beclomethasone dipropionate on allergen-induced early asthmatic responses, late asthmatic responses, and increased bronchial responsiveness to histamine. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 79: 734 - 740.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Kraan J, Koeter GH, Mark TW, Sluiter HJ, de Vries K. Changes in bronchial hyperreactivity induced by 4 weeeks of treatment with antiasthmatic drugs in patients with allergic asthma: a comparison between budesonide and terbutaline. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985; 76: 628 - 36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Borson DB, Gruenert DC. Glucocorticosteroids induce neutral endopeptidase in transformed human epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: L83 - L89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Knowles MR, Church NL,Waltner WE, Yankaskas JR, Gilligan P, King M, Edwards LJ, Helms RW, Boucher RC. A pilot study of aerosolized amiloride for the treatment of lung disease in cystic fibrosis. N Eng J Med 1990; 322: 1189 - 1194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Mason SJ, Paradiso AM, Boucher RC. Regulation of transepithelial ion transport and intracellular calcium by extracellular ATP in human normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelium. Br J Pharmacol 1991; 103: 1649 - 1656.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Ichinose M, Nakajima N, Takahashi T, Yamauchi H, Inoue H, Takishima T. Protection against bradykinin-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients by neurokinin receptor antagonist. Lancet 1992; 340: 1248 - 1251.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Barnes PJ, Belvisi MG, Rogers DF. Modulation of neurogenic inflammation: novel approaches to inflammatory disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990; 11: 185 - 189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Kuo H-P, Rohde JAL, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Differential inhibitory effects of opioids on cigarette smoke, capsaicin and electrically-induced goblet cell secretion in guinea pig trachea. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 105: 361 - 366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Belvisi MG, Rogers DF, Barnes PJ. Neurogenic plasma extravasation: Inhibition by morphine in guinea pig airways in vivo. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 268 - 272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Raeburn D, Karlsson J-A. Potassium channel openers: airway pharmacology and clinical possibilities in asthma. Prog Drug Res 1991; 37: 161 - 180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Lei Y-H, Barnes PJ, Rogers DF. Inhibition of neurogenic plasma exudation and bronchoconstriction by a K+ channel activator, BRL 38227, in guinea pig airways in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 239: 257 - 259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Kuo H-P, Rohde JAL, Barnes P.1, Rogers DF. K+ channel activator inhibition of neurogenic goblet cell secretion in guinea pig trachea. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 215: 297 - 299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Miura M, Belvisi MG, Stretton CD, Yacoub MH, Barnes PJ. Role of K+ channels in the modulation of cholinergic neural responses in guinea pig and human airways. J Physiol 1992; 455: 1 - 15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Stretton D, Miura M, Belvisi MG, Barnes PJ. Calcium-activated potassium channels mediate prejunctional inhibition of peripheral sensory nerves. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1992; 89: 1325 - 1329.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Laurent F, Michel A, Bonnet PA, Chapat JP, Boucard M. Evaluation of the relaxant effects of SCA40, a novel charybdotoxin-sensitive potassium channel opener, in guinea pig isolated trachealis. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108: 622 - 626.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Jany B, Gallup M, Tsuda T, Basbaum C. Mucin gene expression in rat airways following infection and irritation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181: 1 - 8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Al-Bazzaz FJ, Kelsey JG, Kaage WD. Substance P stimulation of chloride secretion by canine tracheal mucosa. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 86 - 89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Tamaoki J, Ueki IF, Widdicombe JH, Nadel JA. Stimulation of Cl secretion by neurokinin A and neurokinin B in canine tracheal epithelium. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 899 - 902.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brompton National Heart & Lung Institute, London, England

    Duncan F. Rogers

Authors
  1. Duncan F. Rogers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Discovery Biology, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Ltd, Dagenham Research Centre, RM10 7XS, Dagenham, Essex, England

    David Raeburn (Department Head) (Department Head)

  2. Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY, London, England

    Mark A. Giembycz (Lecturer) (Lecturer)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rogers, D.F. (1994). Influence of Respiratory Tract Fluid on Airway Calibre. In: Raeburn, D., Giembycz, M.A. (eds) Airways Smooth Muscle: Development, and Regulation of Contractility. Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7408-3_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7408-3_12

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7410-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7408-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation