Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Airways Smooth Muscle: Peptide Receptors, Ion Channels and Signal Transduction pp 217–232Cite as

Sodium/Potassium/Chloride Co-Transport

  • Chapter

  • 58 Accesses

Part of the book series: Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy ((RPP))

Abstract

Considerable recent interest in the Na/K/Cl co-transport system in airways smooth muscle has been generated by studies showing that the loop diuretic frusemide, a potent inhibitor of co-transport, provides protection against several bronchoconstriction challenges in asthma (Table 1). This is particularly interesting as frusemide has the same protective profile as two other established anti-asthma drugs, sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium, suggesting that they may share a common mechanism of action.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bianco S, Vaghi A, Robuschi M, Pasargiklian M. Prevention of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction by inhaled frusemide. Lancet 1988; is 252.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bianco S, Pieroni M, Fefini M, Rottoli L, Sestini P. Protective effect of inhaled furosemide on allergen-induced early and late asthmatic reactions. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1069–1073.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Robuschi M, Pieroni M, Refini M, Bianco S, Rossoni G, Magni F, et al. Prevention of antigen-induced early obstructive reaction by inhaled furosemide in (atopic) subjects with asthma and (actively sensitized) guinea-pigs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 10–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Verdiani P, DiCarlo S, Baronti A, Bianco S. Effect of inhaled furosemide on the early response to antigen and subsequent change in airway reactivity in atopic patients. Thorax 1990; 45: 377–381.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. O’Connor BJ, Chung KF, Chen Wordell YM, Fuller RW, Barnes PJ. Effect of inhaled frusemide and bumetanide on adenosine 5-monophosphate and metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 1329–1334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Robushi M, Gambaro G, Spagnotto S, Vaghi A, Bianco S. Inhaled furosemide (F) is highly effective in preventing ultrasonically nebulised water (UNH20) bronchoconstriction. Pulm Pharmacol 1989; 1: 187–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Grubbe RE, Hopp R, Dave NK, Brennan B, Bewtra A, Townley R. Effect of inhaled furosemide on the bronchial response to methacholine and cold air hyperventilation challenges. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1990; 85: 881–884.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Polosa R, Lau LCK, Holgate ST. Inhibition of adenosine 5’-monophosphate-and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma by inhaled frusemide. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 665–672.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rodwell LT, Anderson SD, du Toit JI, Seale JP. The effect of inhaled frusemide on airway sensitivity to inhaled 4.5% sodium chloride aerosol in asthmatic subjects. Thorax 1993; 48: 208–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vaghi A, Robuschi M, Berni F, Bianco S. Effect of inhaled furosemide (F) on bronchial response to histamine (H) in asthmatics. Eur Respir J 1988; 1: 4065.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Nichol GN, Alton EWFW, Nix A, Geddes DM, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Effect of inhaled furosemide on metabisulfite-and methacholine induced bronchoconstriction and nasal potential difference in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 576–580.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Stone RA, Yeo TC, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Frusemide inhibits cough but not bronchoconstriction to prostaglandin F2 in patients with asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: A548.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Fujimura M, Sakamoto S, Kamio Y. Effect of inhaled furosemide on brochial responsiveness to methacholine. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 935–936.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Polosa R, Rajakulasingam K, Prosperini G, Church MK, Holgate ST. Relative potencies and time course of changes in adenosine 5’-monophosphate airway responsiveness with inhaled furosemide and bumetanide in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 288–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Duggan CJ, Dixon CMS, Ind PW. The effect of furosemide and bumetanide in exercise induced asthma (EIA). Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: A474.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Yeo CT, O’Connor BJ, Chen-Worsdell M, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Protective effect of loop diuretics, piretanide and frusemide, against sodium metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 1184–1188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Foresi A, Pelucchi A, Mastropasqua B, Cavigioli G, Earlesi RM, Marazzini L. Effect of inhaled furosemide and torasamide on bronchial responses to ultrasonically nebulised distilled water in asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 364–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Knox AJ, Britton JR, Tattersfield AE. Effect of sodium-transport inhibitors on bronchial reactivity in vivo. Clin Sci 1990; 79: 325–330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Baldwin DR, Grange KL, Pavord ID, Knox A.J. The effect of amiloride on the airway response to metasulphite in asthma: a negative report. Eur Respir J 1992; 5: 1189–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Rodwell LT, Anderson SD, du Toit J, Seale JP. Different effects of inhaled amiloride and frusemide on airway responsiveness to dry air challenge in asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1993; 8: 855–861.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Vogh BP, Langham MR Jr. The effect of furosemide and bumetanide on cerebrospinal fluid formation. Brain Res 1981; 221: 171–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. O’Donnell WJ, Rosenberg M, Niven RW, Drazen JM, Israel E. Acetazolamide and furosemide attenuate asthma induced by hyperventilation of cold, dry air. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1518–1532.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Miyanoshita A, Terada M, Endou H. Furosemide directly stimulates prostaglandin E2 production in the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 251: 1155–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Pavord ID, Wisniewski A, Tattersfield AE. Inhaled frusemide and exercise induced asthma: evidence of a role for inhibitory prostanoids. Thorax 1992; 47: 797–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Polosa R, Rajakulasimgam K, Prosperini G, Holgate ST. Flurbiprofen abolishes the change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine with inhaled frusemide in healthy volunteers. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: A839.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Passargiklian M, Bianco S, Allegra L. Clinical functional and pathogenic aspects of bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins E2„ E, and E2. Adv Prost Thromb Res 1976; 1: 461–75.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Passargiklian M, Bianco S, Allegra L, Moavero NE, Petrigni G, Robuschi M et al. Aspects of bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins and aspirin in asthmatic patients. Respiration 1977; 34: 79–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Pavord ID, Wisniewski A, Mathur R, Wahedna I, Knox AJ, Tattersfield AE. Effect of inhaled PGE, on bronchial reactivity to sodium metabisulphite and methacholine in patients with asthma. Thorax 1991: 46: 633–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Pavord ID, Wong C. Williams J, Wisniewski A, Smyth E, Tattersfield AE. Effect of inhaled prostaglandin E, on allergen-induced asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 87–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pavord I, Knox A, Cole A, Tattersfield AE. Effect of frusemide on release of PGE, from bovine tracheal mucosa. Thorax 1991; 46: 751 P.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Pavord I, Holland E, Baldwin D, Tattersfield AE, Knox AJ. Frusemide and allergen induced contractions of passively sensitised human bronchi: evidence of a role for prostaglandin E,. Thorax 1992; 47: 895.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mullol J, Ramis I, Prat J, Rosello-Catafau J, Xaubet A, Piera C, et al. Failure of frusemide to increase production of prostaglandin Ez in human nasal mucosa in vivo. Thorax 1993; 48: 260–263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Prat J, Mullol J, Ramis I, Rosello-Catafau J, Xaubet A, Nerin I, et al. Release of chemical mediators and inflammatory cell influx during early allergic reaction in the nose: Effect of furosemide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1993; 92: 248–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. O’Connor BJ, Ridge SM, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. The role of cyclo-oxygenase products in the inhibition of sodium metabisulphite-induced bronchoconstriction by frusemide in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: A210.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bianco S, Vaghi A, Pieroni MG, Gambaro P, Sestini P, Berni F, et al. Potentiation of the protective effect of inhaled furosemide on the bronchial obstructive response to ultrasonically nebulised water by inhaled lysine acetylsalicylate. Eur Resp J 1991; 4 (Suppl 14): 606S.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Berti F, Rossoni G, Buschi A, Zuccari G, Villa LM. Inhaled furosemide prevents immunological respiratory changes and mediator release in guinea-pig. Eur Respir J 1991; 4: 445s.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Perkins RA, Dent G, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Effects of anion transport inhibitors and chloride ions on eosinophil respiratory burst activity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: A331.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Scoloperto M, Marini M, Brasca C, Fasoli A, Mattoli S. The protective effect of furosemide on the generation of superoxide anions by human bronchial epithelial cells and pulmonary macrophages in vivo. Pulm Pharmacol 1991; 4: 80 84.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Rottoli P, Rottoli L, Marino M, Sparnacci F, Vagliasindi M, Bianco S. Effect of furosemide on lysosomal enzyme secretion by alveolar macrophages. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 307–308s.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Anderson SD, Wei H, Temple DM. Inhibition by furosemide of inflammatory mediators from lung fragments. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Gorenberg AE, Goldbery BJ, Kaplan MS, Lad PM, Easton JG. Effects of amiloride and furosemide on histamine release from human leukocytes induced by anti-IgE antibody. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 90: 691–2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Moscato G, Dellabianco A, Falagiani P, Mistrello G, Rossi G, Rampulla C. Inhaled furosemide prevents both the bronchoconstriction and the increase in neutrophil chemotactic activity induced by ultrasonic “fog” of distilled water in asthmatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 561–566.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ventresca PG, Nichol GM, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Inhaled furosemide inhibits cough induced by low chloride content solutions but not by Capsaicin. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 143–146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Stone RA, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Effect of frusemide on cough responses to chloride-deficient solution in normal and mild asthmatic subjects. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 862–867.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sant’Ambrogio FB, Sant’Ambrogio G, Anderson JW. Effect of furosemide on the response of laryngeal receptors to low-chloride solutions. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 1151–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Patarca R, Candia OA, Reinach PS. Mode of inhibition of active chloride transport in the frog cornea by furosemide. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: F660 - F669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Evans MG, Marty A, Tan YP, Trautmann A. Blockage of Ca-activated Cl conductance by furosemide in rat lacrimal glands. Pflügers Arch 1986; 406: 65–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Cabantchik ZI, Greger R. Chemical probes for anion transporters of mammalian cell membranes. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: C808 - C827.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chipperfield AR. The Na/K/Cl co-transport system. Clin Sci 1986; 71: 465–476.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Warnock DG, Gregor R, Dunham PB, Benhamin MA, Frizzell RA, Field M, et al. Ion transport processes in apical membranes of epithelia. Fed Proc 1984; 43: 2478–2487.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Ellory JC, Hall AC. Na/K/Cl co-transport stoichiometry: measurement of bumetanidesensitive fluxes in ferret red cells. J Physiol 1984; 357: 63 P.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Russell JM. Cation-coupled chloride influx in squid axon. Role of potassium and stoichiometry of the transport process. J Gen Physiol 1983; 81: 909–925.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Palfrey HC, Rao MC. Na/K/CI co-transport and its regulation. J Exp Biol 1983; 106: 43–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Dunham PB, Stewart GW, Ellory JC. Chloride-activated passive potassium transport in human erythrocytes. Proc Nat Acad Sci 1980; 177: 1711–1715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Gregor R, Wangemann P. Loop Diuretics. Renal Physiol Basel 1987; 10: 174–183.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Pye S, Pavord I, Wilding P, Bennett J, Knox A, Tattersfield A. Comparison of the effects of inhaled frusemide and ethacrynic acid on sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction in subjects with mild asthma. Thorax 1993; 48: 108s.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Knox AJ, Brown JK. Increased Na/K ATPase pump number and activity in proliferating airway smooth muscle cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: A607.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Deth RC, Payne RA, Peecher DM. Influence of furosemide on rubidium-86 uptake and alpha-adrenergic responsiveness of arterial smooth muscle. Blood Vessels 1987; 24: 321–333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Haas M, Schmidt WF, McManus TJ. Catecholamine-stimulated ion transport in duck red cells. Gradient effects in electrically neutral (Na/K/Cl) co-transport. J Gen Physiol 1982; 80: 125–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Palfrey HC, Silva P, Einstein FH. Sensitivity of cAMP stimulated salt secretion in shark rectal gland to loop diuretics. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: C242–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Saier MH Jr, Boyden DA. Mechanism, regulation and physiological significance of loop diuretic-sensitive NaCl/KCI symport system in animal cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1984; 59: 11–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hall IP, Widdop S, Townsend P, Daykin K. Control of cyclic AMP levels in primary cultures of human tracheal smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 107: 422–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Robberecht P, Chatelain P, De Neef P, Camus J-C, Waelbroeck M, Christophe J. Presence of vasocactive intestinal peptide receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase in rat lung membranes. Biochem Biophys Acta 1981; 678: 76–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. O’Grady SM, Field M, Nash NT, Rao MC. Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits Na/K/Cl co-transport in teleost intestine. Am J Physiol 1985; 241: C531–534.

    Google Scholar 

  65. O’Donnell ME, Owen NE. Atrial natriuretic factor stimulates Na/K/Cl co-transport in vascular smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1986; 83: 6132–6136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. O’Donnell ME, Owen NE. Role of cGMP in atrial natriuretic factor stimulation of Na/K/CI co-transport in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 461–466.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Nishizuka Y. The role of protein kinase C in cell surface signal transduction and tumour promotion. Nature 1984; 308: 693–697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. O’Brien TG, Krzeminski K. Phorbol ester inhibits furosemide-sensitive potassium transport in BALB/c 3T3 preadipose cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1983; 80: 4334–4338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Owen NE. Effect of TPA on ion fluxes and DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Res Commun 1985; 125: 500–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Paris S, Pouyssegar J. Growth factors activate the bumetanide sensitive Na/K/Cl co-transport in hamster fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 6177–6183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Liedtke CM. Bumetanide-sensitive NaCl uptake in rabbit tracheal epithelial cells is stimulated by neurohormones and hypertonicity. Am J Physiol 1992; 262: L621 - L627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Garay RP. Inhibition of the Na/K co-transport system by cyclic AMP and intracellular Ca in human red cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 688: 786–792.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Haas M. Properties and diversity of (Na/K/Cl) co-transports. Ann Rev Physiol 1989; 51: 443–57.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rhoden KJ, Douglas JS. Bumetanide-sensitive K- uptake in guinea-pig airway smooth muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: A52.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Knox AJ, Ajao P. Effect of frusemide on airway smooth muscle contractility in eitro. Thorax 1990; 45: 856–859.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Elwood W, Lotvall JO, Barnes PJ, Chung KF. Loop diuretics inhibit cholinergic and noncholinergic nerves in guinea-pig airways. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 1340 1344.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Yu M. Wang Z, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ. The inhibitory effect of furosemide on the contractile response of equine trachealis to cholinergie nerve stimulation. Pulm Pharmacol 1992; 5: 233–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Verleden GM, Pype JL, Deneffe G, Demedts MG. Effect of loop diuretics on cholinergic neurotransmission in human airways in nitro. Thorax 1994; 49: 657–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Molimard M, Advenier C. Effect of frusemide on bradykinin-and capsaicin-induced contraction of the guinea-pig trachea. Eur Respir J 1993; 6: 434–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Karlsson J-A, Choudry NB, Zackrisson C, Fuller RW. A comparison of the effect of inhaled diuretics on airway reflexes in humans and guinea-pigs. J App] Physiol 1992; 72: 434–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Stevens EL, Uyehara CFT, Southgate WM, Nakamura KT. Furosemide differentially relaxes airway and vascular smooth muscle in fetal, newborn, and adult guinea-pigs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 146: 1192–1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kikkawa U, Kishimoto A, Nishizuka Y. The protein kinase C family: heterogeneity and its implications. Annu Rev Biochem 1989; 58: 31–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Rasmussen H, Takuwa Y, Park S. Protein kinase C in the regulation of airway smooth muscle contraction. FASEB J 1987; L 177–185.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kraft AS, Anderson WB. Phorbol esters increase the amount of Ca, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase associated with the plasma membrane. Nature 1983; 301: 621–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Schramm CM, Grunstein MM. Mechanisms of protein kinase C regulation of airway contractility. J Appl Physiol 1989; 66: 1935–1941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Baba K, Baron C, Coburn RF. Phorbol ester effects on coupling mechanisms during cholinergic contraction of swine tracheal smooth muscle. J Physiol 1989; 412: 23–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Souhrada M, Souhrada JF. Sodium and calcium influx induced by phorbol esters in airway smooth muscle cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 927–932.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Knox AJ, Baldwin DR, Cragoe Jr EJ, Ajao P. The effect of sodium transport and calcium channel inhibitors on phorbol ester-induced contraction of bovine airway smooth muscle. Pulm Pharmacol 1993; 6: 241–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Souhrada M, Souhrada JF. Inhibitory effect of staurosporine on protein kinase C stimulation of airway smooth muscle cells. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 425–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Delamere F, Holland E, Patel S, Bennett J, Pavord I, Knox A. Production of PGE2 by cultured bovine airway smooth muscle cells and its inhibition by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 1994; 111: 983–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Mapp CE, Boniotti A, Papi A, Maggi CA, Di Stefano A, Saetta M, et al. Effect of bumetanide on toluence diisocyanate induced contractions in guinea-pig airways. Thorax 1993; 48: 63–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Respiratory Medicine Unit, City Hospital, Nottingham, UK

    Alan J. Knox

Authors
  1. Alan J. Knox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dagenham Research Centre, Discovery Biology Rhône-Poulenc Rorer Ltd, RM10 7XS, Dagenham, Essex, England

    David Raeburn (Department Head) (Department Head)

  2. Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Brompton National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, SW3 6LY, London, England

    Mark A. Giembycz (Lecturer) (Lecturer)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Knox, A.J. (1995). Sodium/Potassium/Chloride Co-Transport. In: Raeburn, D., Giembycz, M.A. (eds) Airways Smooth Muscle: Peptide Receptors, Ion Channels and Signal Transduction. Respiratory Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7362-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7362-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7364-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7362-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation