Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Oxidative Stress and Aging pp 319–330Cite as

Senile neurodegeneration: Pathogenic role of microglia-derived free radicals

  • Conference paper

  • 177 Accesses

Part of the book series: Molecular and Cell Biology Updates ((MCBU))

Summary

At present, the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) dementia prompts a pessimistic prognosis of loss of memory and cognitive function. However, studies into the disease have provided significant insights into the aetiopathogenesis of the neurodegenerative processes, although prospects of effective therapy remain uncertain. The activated microglial cell — the brain macrophage is an important cellular component of the characteristic senile plaque in AD brains, and a potent generator of free radical and related reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM). The proposed capacity of aluminosilicate/amyloid particulate and fibrillar aggregate deposits to induce a chronic inflammatory production of microglia-derived and neuronal-injurious ROM provides a plausible rationale for the understanding of the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AD dementia. Futhermore, it offers a feasible target cellular process for beneficial nutritional and pharmacological antioxidant intervention to combat deleterious cognitive decline.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, R., Theron, A.J. and Ras, G.J. (1987) Regulation by the antioxidants ascorbate, cysteine, and dapsone of the increased extracellular and intracellular generation of reactive oxidants by activated phagocytes from cigarette smokers. Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis. 135: 1027–1032.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antila, E. and Westermarck,T. (1989) On the etiopathogenesis and therapy of Down syndrome. Int. J. Dev. Biol. 33: 183–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banati, R.B., Gehrmann, J., Schubert, P. and Kreutzberg, G.W. (1993) Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia 7: 111–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banks, W.A. and Kastin, A.J. (1983) Aluminium increases permeability of the blood—brain barrier to labelled DSIP and 0-endorphin: possible implications for senile and dialysis dementia. Lancet 11: 1227–1229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Behl, C., Davis, J., Cole, G.M. and Schubert, D. (1992) Vitamin E protects nerve cells from amyloid beta protein toxicity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 186: 944–950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birchall, J.D. and Chappell, J.S. (1989) Aluminium, water chemistry and Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 1: 953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondy, S.C. and LeBel, C.P. (1993) The relationship between excitotoxicity and oxidative stress in the central nervous system. Free. Rad. Biol. Med. 14: 633–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braughler, J.M., Duncan, L.A. and Goodman, T. (1985) Calcium enhances in vitro free radical-induced damage to brain synaptosomes, mitochondria, and cultured spinal cord neurons. J. Neurochem. 45: 1288–1293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breitner, J.C.S., Murphy, E.A., Folstein, M.F. and Magruder-Habib, K. (1990) Twin studies of Alzheimer’s disease: an approach to etiology and prevention. Neurobiol. Aging 11: 641–648.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buja, L.M., Eigenbrodt, M.L. and Eigenbrodt, E.H. (1993) Apoptosis and necrosis: basic types and mechanisms of cell death. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 117: 1208–1214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candy, J.M., Klinowski, J., Perry, R.H., Perry, E.K., Fairbairn, A., Oakley, A.E., Carpenter, T.A., Atack, J.R., Blessed, G. and Edwardson, J.A. (1986) Aluminosilicates and senile plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 1: 354–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carney, J.M., Starke-Reed, P.E., Oliver, C.N., Landum, R.W., Cheng, M.S., Wu, J.F. and Floyd, R.A. (1991) Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butyl-a-phenylnitrone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3633–3636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, A.F., Carpenter, P.W. and Markesbery, W.R. (1993) Morphometric analysis of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 52: 601–6608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, J., Nielson, S.A. and Kristensen, M. (1989) Biochemical and clinical effects of an antioxidative supplementation of geriatric patients. A double blind study. Biol. Trace. Element. Res. 20: 135–151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colton, C.A., Yao, J., Gilbert, D. and Oster-Granite, M.-L. (1990) Enhanced production of superoxide anion by microglia from trisomy 16 mice. Brain Res. 519: 236–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Connor, J.R., Menzies, S.L., St. Martin, S.M. and Mufson, E.J. (1992) A histochemical study of iron, transferrin, and ferritin in Alzheimer’s disease brains. J. Neurosci. Res. 31: 75–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constantinidis, J. (1992) Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease by zinc compounds. Drug. Devel. Res. 27: 1–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.B., McMurray, H.F. and Schubert, D. (1992) The amyloid beta-protein of Alzheimer’s disease is chemotactic for mononuclear phagocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189: 1096–1100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delacourte, A., Defossez, A., Ceballos, I., Nicole, A. and Sinet, P.M. (1988) Preferential localization of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in the vulnerable cortical neurons in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 92: 247–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doll, R. (1993) Review: Alzheimer’s disease and environmental aluminium. Age Ageing 22: 138–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dowson, J.H., Mountjoy, C.Q., Cairns, M.R. and Wilton-Cox, H. (1992) Changes in intraneuronal lipopigment in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 13: 493–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyrks, T., Dyrks, E., Hartmann, T., Masters, C. and Beyreuther, K. (1992) Amyloidogenicity of 0A4 and ßA4- bearing amyloid protein precursor fragments by metal-catalysed oxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 18210–18217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.H. (1988) Alzheimer’s senile dementia: a radical case of cephaloconiosis. Neurobiol. Aging 9: 225–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.H., Klinowski, J. and Yano, E. (1991) Cephaloconiosis: a free radical perspective on the proposed particulate-induced etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s dementia and related disorders. Med. Hypoth. 34: 209–219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.H., Peterhans, E., Bürge, T. and Klinowski, J. (1992) Aluminosilicate-induced free radical generation by murine brain glial cells in vitro: potential significance in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s dementia. Dementia 3: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.H. (1993) Free radicals in brain metabolism and pathology. Brit. Med. Bull. 49: 577–587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.H. (1994a) Aluminium and trace element oxidative interactions in the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. In: A. Favier, J. Nève and P. Faure (eds): Trace Elements and Free Radicals in Oxidative Diseases. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, pp 184–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P.H. (1994b) Nutrient and toxin interactions in neurodegenerative disease. Proc. Nutr. Soc.; (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Fahal, I.H., Yaqoob, M., Williams, P.S., Ahmad, R., Roberts, N.B. and Bell, G.M. (1994) Does silicon protect against aluminium in dialysis patients? Lancet 343: 122–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, J.B., Rubin, J.B., Handrahan, J.V., Connor, J.R. and Fine, R.E., (1987) Receptor-mediated transcytosis of transferrin across the blood—brain barrier. J. Neurosci. Res. 18: 299–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frautschy, S.A., Baird, A. and Cole, G.M. (1991) Effects of injected Alzheimer beta-amyloid cores in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8362–8366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, S., Gauthier, L., Bouchard, R., Quirion, R. and Sultan, S. (1991) Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: hopes and reality. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 18: 439–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautrin, D. and Gauthier, S. (1989) Alzheimer’s disease: environmental factors and etiologic hypotheses. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 16: 375–387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutteridge, J.M.C. (1992) Iron and oxygen radicals in the brain. Ann Neurol 32: S16 - S21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haga, S., Ikeda, K., Sato, M. and Ishii, T. (1993) Synthetic Alzheimer amyloid 13/A4 peptides enhance production of complement C3 component by cultured microglial cells. Brain Res. 601: 88–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E.D. (1990) Lazeroids: efficacy and anti-oxidant mechanism in experimental cerebral ischemia. In: J. Krieglstein and H. Oberpichler, (eds): Pharmacology of Cerebral Ischemia. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Stuttgart, pp 343–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, B. (1992) Reactive oxygen species and the central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 59: 1609–1623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell, B., Hoult, J.R. and Blake, D.R. (1988) Oxidants, inflammation, and anti-inflammatory drugs. FASEB J. 2: 2867–2873.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamada, H., Hiramatsu, M., Edamatsu, R. and Mori, A. (1993) Free radical scavenging action of baicalein. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 306: 261–266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamos, J.E., Oblas, B., Pulaski-Salo, D., Welch, W.J., Bole, D.G. and Drachman, D.A. (1991) Expression of heat shock proteins in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 41: 345–350.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harman, D., Eddy, D.E. and Noffsinger, J. (1976) Free radical theory of aging: inhibition of amyloidosis in mice by antioxidants; possible mechanism. J. Amer. Geriatr. Soc. 24: 203–210.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, W.J. and Barr, W.T. (1988) Specific area location, isolation and recovery from paraffin sections for electron microscope microanalysis. J. Histotechnol. 11: 43–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hershey, L.A., Hershey, C.O. and Varnes, A.W. (1984) CSF silicon in dementia: a prospective study. Neurology 34: 1197–1201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heseker, H. and Schneider, R. (1994) Requirement and supply of vitamin C, E and 13-carotene for elderly men and women. Europ. J. Clin. Nutr. 48: 118–127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heyman, A., Wilkinson, W.E., Stafford, J.A., Helms, M.J., Sigmon, A.H. and Weinberg, T. (1984) Alzheimer’s disease: a study of epidemiological aspects. Ann. Neurol. 15: 335–341.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyman, B.T., Marzloff, K., Wenninger, J.J., Dawson, T.M., Bredt, T.S. and Snyder, S.H. (1992) Relative sparing of nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the hippocampal formation in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 32: 818–820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawahara, M., Muramoto, K., Kobayashi, K., Mori, H. and Kuroda, Y. (1994) Aluminium promotes the aggregation of Alzheimer’s amyloid 3-protein in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198: 531–535.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohen, R., Yamamoto, Y., Cundy, K.C. and Ames, B.N. (1988) Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 3175–3179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landsberg, J.P., McDonald, B., Roberts, J.M., Grime, G.W. and Watt, F. (1991) Identification and analysis of senile plaques using nuclear microscopy. Nucl. Instr. Meth. Phys. Res. B54: 180–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton, S.A., Choi, Y-B., Pan, Z.-H., Lei, S-Z., Chen, H.-S.V., Sucher, N.J., Loscalzo, J., Singel, D.J. and Stamler, J.S. (1993) A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 364: 626–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loo, D.T., Copani, A., Pike, C.J., Whittemore, E.R., Wallencewicz, A.J. and Cotman, C.W. (1993) Apoptosis is induced by 0-amyloid in cultured central nervous system neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7951–7955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, D.M.A., Younis, N., Jones, D. and Stoddart, R.W. (1992) The time course of pathological events in Down’s syndrome with special reference to the involvement of microglial cells and deposits of 13/A4. Neurodegeneration I: 201–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masters, C.L., Multhaup, G., Simms, G., Pottgiesser, J., Martins, R.N. and Bayreuther, K. (1985) Neuronal origin of a cerebral amyloid: neurofibrillary tangles of Alzheimer’s disease contain the same protein as the amyloid of plaque cores and blood vessels. EMBO J. 4: 2757–2763.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson, M.P. (1990) Second messengers in neuronal growth and degeneration. In: N.N. Osborne (ed.): Current Aspects of the Neurosciences. Macmillan, London, pp 1–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, P.L., Kawamata, T., Walker, D.G., Akiyama, H., Tooyama, I. and McGeer, E.G., (1993) Microglia in degenerative neurological disease. Glia 7: 84–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, D.R.C., Dalton, A.J., Kruck, T.P.A., Bell, M.Y., Smith, W.L., Kalow, W. and Andrews, D.F. (1991) Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 337: 1304–1308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, D.R., Fraser, P.E. and Dalton, A.J. (1992) Aluminium and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease: a summary of evidence. In: D.J. Chadwick and J. Whelan (eds): Aluminium in Biology and Medicine. Wiley, Chichester, pp 87–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMillan, T.M., Freemont, A.J., Herxheimer, A., Denton, J., Taylor, A.P., Pazianas, M., Cummin, A.R.C. and Eastwood, J.B. (1993) Camelford water poisoning accident: serial neuropsychological assessments and further observations on bone aluminium. Human Exp. Toxicol. 12: 37–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Means, E.D. and Anderson, D.K. (1983) Neuronophagia by leukocytes in experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neuropath. Expt. Neurol. 42: 707–719.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monti, D., Troiano, L., Tropea, F., Grassilli, E., Cossarizza, A., Barozzi, D., Pelloni, M.C., Tamassia, M.G., Bellomo, G. and Franeschi, C. (1992) Apoptosis-programmed cell death: a role in the aging process. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 12085–1214S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullan, M. and Crawford, F. (1993) Genetic and molecular advances in Alzheimer’s disease. TINS 16: 398–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S.P., Subar, A.F. and Block, G. (1990) Vitamin E intakes and sources in the United States. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 52: 361–367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oteiza, P.I. (1994) A mechanism for the stimulatory effect of aluminium on iron-induced lipid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 308: 374–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer, L. (1992) Free radical scavengers and antioxidants in prophylaxy and treatment of brain disease. In: L. Packer, L. Prilipko and Y. Christen (eds): Free Radicals in the Brain. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 1–20.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, A.M., Robichaud, P.J. and Reiter, C.T. (1994) The release and uptake of excitatory amino acids in rat brain: effect of aging and oxidative stress. Neurobiol. Aging 15: 103–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pappolla, M.A., Omar, R.A., Kim, K.S. and Robakis, N.K. (1992) Immunohistochemical evidence of antioxidant stress in Alzheimer’s disease. Amer. J. Pathol. 140: 621–628.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, R.C.A., Esiri, M.M., Hiorns, R.W., Wilcock, G.K. and Powell, T.P.S. (1985) Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4531–4534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, D.P. and Good, P.F. (1987) Uptake of aluminium into central nervous system along nasal-olfactory pathways. Lancet 1: 1028.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perlmutter, L.S., Barron, E. and Chui, H.C. (1990) Morphologic association between microglia and senile plaque amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett. 119: 32–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, T.L., Yong, V.W., Bergeron, C., Hansen, S. and Jones, K. (1987) Amino acids, glutathione, and glutathione transferase activity in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol. 21: 331–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pezerat, H. (1990) Surface properties of phyllosilicates. In: J. Bignon (ed.): Health Related Effects of Phyllosilicates. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 47–58.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, C.J., Burdick, D., Walencewicz, A.J., Glabe, C.G. and Cotman, C.W. (1993) Neurodegeneration induced by 13amyloid peptides in vitro: the role of peptide assembly state. J. Neurosci. 13: 1676–1687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quartley, B., Esselmont, G., Taylor, A. and Dobrota, M. (1993) Effect of oral aluminium citrate on short-term tissue distribution of aluminium. Food Chem. Toxicol. 31: 543–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratan, R.R., Murphy, T.H. and Baraban, J.M. (1994) Oxidative stress induces apoptosis in embryonic cortical neurons. J. Neurochem. 62: 376–379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, E. (1986) Alzheimer’s disease may begin in the nose and may be caused by aluminosilicates. Neurobiol. Aging 7: 561–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J., Kirby, L.C., Hempelman, S.R., Berry, D.L., McGeer, P.L., Kasniak, A.W., Zalinski, J., Cofield, M., Mansukhani, L., Willson, P. and Kogan, F. (1993) Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 43: 1609–1611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, I.H. and Miller, J.W. (1992) Nutritional factors in physical and cognitive function of elderly people. Amer. J. Clin. Nutr. 55: 12375–12435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, A.S., Craig, L.D. and Finn, S.C. (1992) Nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of older Americans: a national study. J. Gerontol 47: M145 - M150.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachdev, P. (1993) The neuropsychiatry of brain iron. J. Neuropsych. Clin. Neurosci. 5: 18–29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sadrzadeh, S.M.H., Anderson, D.K., Panter, S.S., Hallaway, P.E. and Eaton, J.W. (1987) Hemoglobin potentiates central nervous system damage. J. Clin. Invest. 79: 662–664.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto, W., Fujie, K., Handa, H., Ogihara, T. and Mino, M. (1990) In vivo inhibition of superoxide production and protein kinase C activity in macrophages from vitamin E-treated rats. Internat. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 60: 338–342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.D., Carney, J.M., Starke-Reed, P.E., Oliver, C.N., Stadtman, E.R., Floyd, R.A. and Markesbery, W.R. (1991) Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10540–10543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sokol, R.J. (1989) Vitamin E and neurologic function in man. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 6: 189–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonderer, B., Wild, P., Wyler, R., Fontana, A., Peterhans, E. and Schwyzer, M. (1987) Murine glia cells in culture can be stimulated to generate reactive oxygen. J. Leukocyte Biol. 42: 463–473.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spector, R. (1989) Micronutrient homeostasis in mammalian brain and cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurochem. 53: 1667–1674.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter, W.J., Weisgraber, K.H., Huang, D.Y., Dong, L.-M., Salveson, G.S., Pericak-Vance, M., Schmechel, D., Saunders, A.M., Goldgaber, D. and Roses, A.D. (1993) Binding of human apolipoprotein E to synthetic amyloid 13 peptide: isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 8098–8102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, N.I. and Mason, J.A. (1987) Neutron activation analysis techniques for identifying elemental status in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Radioanalyt. Nucl. Chem. Art. 113: 515–526.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, E.P., Ellison, M.D., Kontos, H.A. and Povlishock, J.T. (1986) 02 radicals in arachidonate-induced increased blood?brain barrier permeability to proteins. Amer. J. Physiol. 251: H693–699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, A.E. and Blakemore, W.F. (1990) Monocyte-mediated entry of pathogens into the central nervous system. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 16: 377–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, H.M., Moretz, R.C. and Iqbal, K. (1986) No evidence for aluminium in etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging 7: 532–535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witz, G., Goldstein, B.D., Amoruso, M., Stone, D.S. and Troll, W. (1980) Retinoid inhibition of superoxide anion radical production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with tumor promoters. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 97: 883–888.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaman, Z., Roche, S., Fielden, P., Frost, P.G., Niriella, D.C. and Cayley, A.C.D. (1992) Plasma concentations of vitamins A and E and carotenoids in Alzheimer’s disease. Age Ageing 21: 91–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 1XJ, UK

    P. H. Evans

  2. Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Berne, Länggass Strasse 122, CH-3012, Berne, Switzerland

    E. Peterhans & T. Bürge

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK

    J. Klinowski

  4. Department of Public Health, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi Ku, Kaga 2 Chome, Tokyo 173, Japan

    E. Yano

Authors
  1. P. H. Evans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Peterhans
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. T. Bürge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Klinowski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. E. Yano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA

    R. G. Cutler

  2. Dept. Molecular and Cell Biology, 251 Life Science Addition, Membrane Bioenergetics Group, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA

    L. Packer

  3. Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Molecular Oncology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1236 Lauhala Street, 96813, Honolulu, HI, USA

    J. Bertram

  4. Dept. of Neuroscience, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Okayama 700, Japan

    A. Mori

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel/Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Evans, P.H., Peterhans, E., Bürge, T., Klinowski, J., Yano, E. (1995). Senile neurodegeneration: Pathogenic role of microglia-derived free radicals. In: Cutler, R.G., Packer, L., Bertram, J., Mori, A. (eds) Oxidative Stress and Aging. Molecular and Cell Biology Updates. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7337-6_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7337-6_30

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7339-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7337-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation