Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques pp 43–86Cite as

In search of ideal antihypertensive drugs: Progress in five decades

  • Chapter

Abstract

Among the three major causes of death in developed countries, namely, cardiovascular diseases including heart attack, stroke, and all forms of cancer, the first two are associated with hypertension. Because of the important health impact, many antihypertensive agents have been introduced in the last 50 years. In this review, we shall focus our attention on the following groups: (1) renin inhibitors, (2) calcium channel blockers, (3) α- and β-adrenergic blockers, and (4) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. F. Gross: Am. J. Cardiol., 34, 471–475 (1974).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. G. Gross. In: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie XXXIX, Chapter I.Antihypertensive Drugs. F. Gross (ed.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–11 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  3. W.J. Greenlee and P.K.S. Siegl. In: Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Chapter 7, J.A. Bristol (ed.): Angiotensin/renin modulators. Academic Press, Inc. New York 26, 63–72 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  4. W.J. Greenlee and P.K.S. Siegl. In: Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, Chapter 7, J.A. Bristol (ed.): Angiotensin/renin modulators. Academic Press, Inc. New York 27, 59–68 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  5. W.J. Greenlee: Med. Res. Rev. 10, 173–236 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. H.D. Kleinert, W.R. Baker and H.H. Stein: Adv. Pharmacol. 22, 207–250 (1991).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. R.A. Buchholz, B.A. Lefker and M.A. Ravikiron. In: Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. Chapter 8. Hypertension Therapy, what next? J.A. Bristol (ed.). Academic Press, Inc., New York 28, 69–78 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  8. D.J. Triggle. In: Calcium in Drug Action. Chapter 6. The chemistry of calcium channel agonists and antagonists. P.F. Baker (ed.). Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 115–199 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  9. L.H. Opie. In: International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Chapter 5. Calcium ions drug action and the heart — with special reference to calcium channel blockers (calcium antagonist dugs). M.A. Denborough (ed.). Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 103–125 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  10. E.J. Lien, H. Gao, and F. Wang: Med. Chem. Res. 1, 173–184 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. E.J. Lien: Prog. Drug Res. 40, 163–189 (1993).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.E. Arrowsmith, S.F. Campbell, P.E. Cross et al.: J. Med. Chem. 29, 1696–1702 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. R.A. Burges, D.G. Gardiner, M. Gwilt, et al.: J. Cardiovascul. Pharmacol. 9, 110–119 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  14. A.P. Beresford, D. McGibney, M.J. Humphrey, et al.: Xenobiotica 18, 245–254 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. G.P. Reams, A. Lau, A. Hamory and J.H. Bauer: Am. J. Kidney Dis. 10, 446–451 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Webster, O.J. Robb, T.A. Jeffers et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 24, 713–719 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. J.K. Faulkner, D. McGibney, L.F. Chasseaud et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 22, 21–25 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  18. D.B. Zurich, Physician’s Desk Reference, 47 ed Medical Economics Co. Inc., Montvale, N.J., pp.1836–1838 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  19. S. Vogel, R. Crampton and N. Sperelakis: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 210, 378–385 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. C. Labrid, A. Grosset, G. Dureng et al.: J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 211, 546–554 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. G.R. Hasegewa: Clin. Pham. 7, 97–108 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  22. F.P. Zeller and S.A. Spinier: Drug Intell. Clinic. Pharm. 21, 487–492 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. P.W. Pflugfelder, D.P. Humen, P.A. O’Brien et al.: Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 1283–1288 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. J.O. Parker and B. Farrell: Am. J. Cardiol. 58, 449–452 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. R. DiBianco, J. Alpert, R.J. Katz et al.: Am. J. Cardiol. 53, 35–41 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. G. Forche, H. Kopera and H.J. Marsoner: hit. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. 21, 234–240 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. M.A. Duffy, Physicians’ Desk Reference, 46 ed. Medical Economics Data, Montvale, pp.1383–1385 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  28. B. Edgar, K.J. Hoffman, R. Lundborg et al.: Drugs 29 (suppl. 2), 9–15 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. O. Ronn, B. Bengtsson, B. Edgar and S. Raner: Drugs 29 (suppl. 2), 16–25 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. B. Ljung: Drugs 29 (suppl. 2), 46–58 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. B. Edgar, C.G. Regardh, R. Lundborg et al.: Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 8, 235–248 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. H.E. Sluiter (on behalf of the Dutch Multicentre Study Group): Drugs 34 (suppl. 3), 97–106 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  33. M.A. Duffy, Physicians’ Desk Reference. 46 ed. Medical Economics Inc. Montvale, pp.1526–1528 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  34. F.L. Tse and J.M. Jaffe: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 32, 361–365 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. K. Simonsen and C.D. Sundstedt: Am. J. Med. 86, 91–93 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. C.D. Sundstedt, P.C. Rueegg, A. Keller and R. Waite: Am. J. Med. 86, 98–102 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. H.F. Schran, J.M. Jaffe and L.M. Gonasun: Am. J. Med. 84 (suppl 3B), 80–89 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. L.R. Krusell, L.T. Jespersen, A. Schmit et al.: Hypertension 10, 577–581 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Anony: New DynaCirc® (isradipine), Pharmacy Fact Sheet, Sandoz Pharm. Co. East Hanover, NJ (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  40. T. Takenaka and J. Handa: Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharm. 17, 1–11 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. T. Seki and T. Takenaka: Int. J. Pharmacol. 15,267–274 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. T. Takenaka, S. Usuda, T. Nomura, H. Maeno and T. Sado: Arzneim.-forsch. 26, 2172–2178 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  43. S. Higuchi and Y. Chiobara: Xenobiotica 10, 447–454 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Higuchi, H. Sasaki and T. Seki: Xenobiotica 10, 897–903 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Anonymous: Cardene® (nicardipine hydrochloride) capsules, Package insert, Syntex Lab., Inc. Palo Alto (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  46. K. Satoh, T. Yanagisawa and N. Taira: Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. 7, 249–262 (1980).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. K.A. Conrad, T.C. Fagan, R Mayshar, T.P. Davis and D.G. Johnson: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 42, 113–118 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. E.M. Sorkin and S.P. Clissold: Drugs 33, 296–345 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. S. Kazda, B. Garthoff, H.P. Krause and K. Schlossmann: Arzneim.-Forsch. 32, 331–338 (1982).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. R. Towart, E. Wehinger, H. Meyer and S. Kazda: Arzneim.-Forsch. 32, 338–346 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  51. S. Kazda: Neurochirug. 28 (suppl. 1), 70–73 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  52. K.-D. Rämsch, G. Ahr, D. Tettenborn and L.M. Auer: Neurochirug. 28 (suppl. 1), 74–83 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  53. G.S. Allen, H.S. Ahn, T.J. Preziosi et al.: N. Engl. J. Med. 308, 619–624 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Anonymous: Nimotop® (nimodipine/Miles) capsules, Package insert, Miles Inc., West Haven (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Anonymous: Am. Pharm. NS 29, 58 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  56. E.J. Lien: US New Drug Digest 1980–1986, Aurora Publishers, Inc., Nashville (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  57. R. Barnhart: Physicians’ Desk Reference, 45 ed. Medical Economics Co. Inc., Oradell, N.J., pp.2074–2076; 572–574 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  58. H. Bourgeois: Ophtalmologie 4, 323–325 (1990).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. M.T. Dorigo, O. Cerin, G. Fracasso and R. Altafini: Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res. 10, 163–166 (1990).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. R.N. Winreb, D.R. Caldwell, S.M. Goode et al.: Am. J. Ophthalmol. 110, 189–192 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  61. S.G. Chrysant, C. Chrysant, I.S. Bal et al.: Hemodynamic Aspects Chest 96, 499–504 (1989).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. M.E. Davidov, N. Glazer, G. Wollam et al.: Am. J. Hypertens. 1, 206S - 210S (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. W.J. Mroczek, J.F. Burns, L.B. Hogan et al.: Am. J. Cardiol. 61, 807–811 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. S. Morita, Y. Trie, S. Sakuragi, H. Kohri and H. Nishino: Folia Pharmacol. Japan 73, 229–237 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. S. Morita, M. linuma, M. Kido, s. Sakuragi, H. Kohri and N. Nishino: Arzneim.-Forsch. 27, 2380–2383 (1977).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. W.H. Fennell, J.A. Fanner, J.B. Young et al.: Clin. Res. 28 (5), 817 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  67. P.J. Schmitz, G.A. Walker, W.M. Barker and R.W. Stoll: Clin. Res. 29 (2), 23A (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  68. A. Tarkiainen, K. Saraste, T. Seppala: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19, 239–244 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. L. Alcocer, J. Aspe, E. Arce and J. Vieyra: Curr. Ther. Res. 31, 67–73 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  70. E.R. Barnhart, Physicians’ Desk Reference 44 ed. Medical Economics, Co. Inc., Oradell, N.J., pp.510–512 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  71. R. J. Gorczynski, J.E. Shaffer and R.J. Lee: J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 5, 668–677 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. A. Yacobi, R. Kartzinee, C.M. Lai and C.Y. Sum: J. Pharm. Sci. 72, 710–711 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. R.C. Byrd, R.J. Sung, J. Mark et al.: Clin. Res. 31, 172A (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  74. D. Dickerson, M. Paulos, J. Klein and A. Yacobi: Clin. Res. 31, 179A (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  75. E.R. Barnhart, Physicians’s Desk Reference, 42 ed., Medical Economics Co. Inc., Oradell, N.J., pp.914–916 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  76. O. Mayer, V. Cepelâk, J. Vitous and J. Potmesl: Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxic. 18, 113–120 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. B. de Galleani: Ophthalmologie 3, 220–222 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  78. C.L. Le Jeunne, F.C. Hugues and J.L. Dufier: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 29, 97–101 (1989).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. P.E. Battershill and E.M. Sorkin: Drugs 36, 601–615 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. G.K. Krieglstein, G.D. Novak, E. Voepel et al.: Br. J. Ophthalmol. 71, 250–253 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. O. Mueller and H.R. Knobel: Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd. 188, 62–63 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. K.B. Mills and G. Wright: Br. J. Ophthalmol. 70, 39–42 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. D.A. Hussar: Am. Pharm. NS 31, 54–84 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  84. E.R. Barnhart: Physicians’s Desk Reference for Ophthalmology, 19 ed., Medical Economics Co. Inc., Oradell, N.J., pp.258–260 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  85. V.G. Härtfelder, H. Lessenich and K. Schmitt: Arzneim.-Forsch. 22, 930–932 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  86. V.J. Kaiser, G. Härtfelder, E. Lindner and B. Schölkens: Arzneim.-Forsch. 30, 420–427 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. H.W. Jun, S.L. Hayes, J.J. Vallner, I.L. Honigberg, A.E. Rojos and J.T. Stewart: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 19, 415–423 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. S.D. Sharma, A.D. Mehra and B.J. Vakil: Curr. Ther. Res. 27, 576–583 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. P.L. Sharma and R.P. Sapru: Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 16, 83–85 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. E.R. Von Leitner and G. Biamino: Eur. J. Cardiol. 12, 121–128 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  91. W.S. Hillis, A.C. Tweddel, R.G. Murray and T.D.V. Lawrie: Arzneim.-Forsch. 30, 1595–1599 (1980).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Anonymous: Tablets Levatol, penbutolol sulfate, Package insert, Reed & Carnrick, Piscataway, N.J. (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  93. H.L. Elliott, P.A. Meredith, D.J. Sumner et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 13, 699–703 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. H. Shionoiri, G. Yasuda, H. Yoshimura et al.: J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 10, 90–95 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. P. Hjortdahl, H. von Krogh, L. Daae et al.: Acta. Med. Scand. 221, 427–434 (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. P.W. de Leeuw, P.N. van Es, R. de Bos et al.: Hypertension 9 (111), 210–212 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  97. K. Hayduk and H.T. Schneider: Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 95G - 98G (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. D.T. Nash, G. Schonfeld, R.L. Reeves et al.: Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 87G - 90G (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. H.L. Elliott, P.A. Meredith and J.L. Reid: Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 78G - 81G (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Anonymous: Am. Pharm. NS 31, 12 (1991).

    Google Scholar 

  101. J.J. Kyncl, R.E. Hollinger, K.O. Oheim and M. Winn: Pharmacologist 22, 272 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  102. H.F. Oates: N. Zeal. Med. J. 94, 67 (1981).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. S. Mizogami and M. Hanazuka: Jap. J. Pharmacol. (suppl.), 174P (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  104. F.L. Fort, S. Tekeli, K. Majors et al.: Drug Chem. Toxicol. 7, 435–449 (1984).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. J.H. Mersey and U. Elkayam: Clin. Res. 32, 688A (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  106. A.J. Dietz, Jr., E. Magarian, D. Freeman and J. Carlson: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 24, 416 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  107. Anonymous: Hytrin® (terazosin hydrochloride tablets) package insert, Abbott Health Care Products, Inc., North Chicago, Ill. (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  108. A. Salvetti: Drugs 6, 800–828 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  109. J. G. Kelly and K. O’Malley: Clin. Pharmacokinetics 19, 177–196 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. M.H. Winberger, H.R. Black, K.C. Lasseter, et al.: Clin. Phannacol. Ther. 47, 608–617 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  111. G. Kaiser, R. Ackermann, S. Brechbuehler and W. Dieterle: Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 10, 365–367 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. J. Insel, S.M. Mirvis, M.J. Boland et al.: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 45, 312–320 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. E. Valvo, P. Casagrande, V. Bedona et al.: J. Hypertens. 8, 991–995 (1990).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. M. Bellet, J.J. Whalen, F. Bodin et al.: J. Hypertens. 4 (suppl. 8), S43–48 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  115. M.H. Winberger, H.R. Black, K.C. Lasseter et al.: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 47, 608–617 (1990).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. D.B. Eurich: Physicians’ Desk Reference, 47 ed., Medical Economics Co. Inc., Montvale, pp. 902–904 (1993).

    Google Scholar 

  117. G. Waldemar, H. Ibsen, S. Strandaard et al.: Am. J. Hypertens. 3, 464 170 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  118. S.M. Singhvi, K.L. Duchin, R.A. Morrison et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 25, 9–15 (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. K.L. Duchin, A.P. Waclawski, J.I. Tu et al.: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 31, 58–64 (1991).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. R.J. Anderson, T.M. Nolen, P. Wolfson et al.: Hypertens. 17, 636–642 (1991).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. P.A. Sullivan, M. Dineen, J. Cervenka and D.T. O’Connor: Am. J. Hypertens. 1, 280S - 283S (1988).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. M.A. Duffy, Physicians’ Desk Reference, 46 ed., Medical Economics data, Montvale, pp.1406–1409 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  123. D.B. Brunner, G. Desponds, J. Biollaz et al.: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 11, 461–467 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. E.H. Ulm, M. Hichens and H.J. Gomez: Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 14, 357–362 (1982).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. M.S. Kochar, G. Bolek, J.H. Kalbfleisch and P. Olzinski: J. Clin. Pharmacol. 27, 373–377 (1987).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. K. Bolzano, J. Arriaga, R. Bernal et al.: J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 9 (suppl. 3), S43–47 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. C. Mörlin, H. Baglivo, J.K. Boeijinga et al.: J. Cardiovas. Pharmacol. 9 (suppl. 3), S48–52 (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. G.J. Frank, K. E. Kapp and R.W. McLain: Angiology 40, 405–415 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. D. Maclean: Angiology 40, 370–381 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. A.J. Sedman and E. Posvar: Angiology 40, 360–369 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  131. S.C. Olson, A.M. Horvath, B.M. Micaniewicz et al.: Angiology 40, 351–359 (1989).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. J.J. Ferry, A.M. Horvath, M. Easton-Talyor et al.: J. Chromatog. 421, 187–191 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. P. Holt, J. Najm and E. Sowton: Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 31, 9–14 (1986).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. R.A. Becker and B. Schoelkens: Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 3D - 11D (1987).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. K. Felder and P.U. Witte: Arzneim.-Forsch. 34, 1452–1454 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. H.G. Eckert, M. J. Badian and D. Gantz: Arzneim.-Forsch. 34, 1435–1447 (1984).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. P.W. de Leeuw and W.H. Birkenhaeger: Am. J. Cardiol. 59, 79D - 82D (1987).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. M.A. Duff, Physicians’ Desk Reference, 46 ed., Medical Economics Data, Montvale, pp.1086–1089 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  139. M. Aurell, K. Delin, H. Herlitz et al.: An. J. Cardiol. 59, 65D - 69D (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA

    Eric J. Lien & Hua Gao

  2. R.Ph. 10728 Kelmore St, Culver City, CA, 90230, USA

    Linda L. Lien

Authors
  1. Eric J. Lien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hua Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Linda L. Lien
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Steinweg 28, CH-4107, Ettingen, Switzerland

    Ernst Jucker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel (Switzerland)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lien, E.J., Gao, H., Lien, L.L. (1994). In search of ideal antihypertensive drugs: Progress in five decades. In: Jucker, E. (eds) Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques. Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques, vol 43. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7156-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7156-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7158-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7156-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation