Abstract
Adoptive transfer of antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity in humans, first demonstrated by Lawrence [1] in 1949, opened a new avenue of research that has led both to increased understanding of basic immune mechanisms and to the development of many forms of immunomodulant therapy, alone or in combination with other immu-notherapeutic or chemotherapeutic agents. Lawrence originally showed that transfer of intact viable lymphocytes from a normal tuberculin skin test-positive donor for a given antigen to a normal recipient, skin test-negative for that antigen, resulted in a conversion (“transfer”) of the recipient to skin-test positivity; however, this observation created little interest in the immunologic community for several reasons. In 1955, the lymphocyte was mentioned for the first time as an immunologic organ. (Before this, the lymphocyte had been studied in hematologic rather than in immunologic terms.)
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References
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B. Huo, J. Wu: Clinical observation on the effects of dialyzable leukocyte extracts in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 304–10, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
G. Zhang, Z. Li, X. Wang: Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with specific transfer factor extracted from HBVM positive spleen in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 243–52, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
S. Matsumato, Y. Takasachi, Y. Sakiyama: Treatment of chronic hepatitis B with high dose of specific dialyzable leukocyte extracts in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 30–9, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (1992).
S. T. Schulman, J. M. Hutto, E. M. Ayoub: A double-blind of evaluation of transfer factor of HBs Ag-positive chronic aggressive hepatitis: preliminary report of efficacy. Cell Immunol., 43, 352 (1979).
p. 27 China #
Z. Li: Personal communication (1990).
G. Pizza, D. Viza, A. Roda, R. Aldini, E. Roda, L. Barbara: Transfer Factor for the treatment of chronic active hepatitis. N. Eng. J. Med., 300, 1332 (1979).
E. Roda. D. Viza, G. Pizza, L. Mastroroberto, J. Phillips, C. De Vinci, L. Barbara: Transfer Factor for the treatment of HBsAg-positive chronic active hepatitis. P. Soc. Exp. Med., 178, 468–475 (1985).
C. U. Kyong, G. B. Wilson, H. H. Fudenberg, J. M. Goust, P. Richardson, J. Eckerd: Chorioretinitis with a combined defect in T and B lymphocytes and granulocytes: A new syndrome successfully treated with dialyzable leukocyte extracts (Transfer Factor). Am. J. Med., 68, 955 (1980).
J. Prochazkova, E. Parizkova, J. Horacek, O. Pozler, V. Chylkova, et al.: Clinical and immunological improvement in infants with HCMV infection treated with dialyzable leukocyte extract, p. 403–411 in Leukocyte Dialysates and Transfer Fact or, ed. V. Mayer, J. Borvak, Inst. Virol. Slovak Acad. Sci.; Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (1987).
Discussion in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (1992).
F. K. Nkrumah, G. Pizza, D. Viza, J. Phillips, C. DeVinci, P. H. Levine: Regression of progressive lymphoadenopathy in a young child with acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection following administration of transfer factor with specific anti-CMV activity. Lymphokine Res., 4, 237–241 (1985).
J. F. Jones, L. L. Minnich, W. S. Jeter, R. F. Pritchett, V. A. Fulginiti, R. J. Wedgwood: Treatment of childhood combined Epstein-Barr virus/cytomegalovirus infection with oral bovine transfer factor. Lancet, 18; 2(8238), 122–4 (1981).
D. Viza, C. Boucheix, J. P. Cesarini, D. V. Ablashi, G. Armstrong, P. Levine, G. Pizza: Characterization of a human lymphoblastoid cell line, LDV/7, used to replicate transfer factor and immune RNA. Bio. Cell, 46, 1–10 (1982).
J. F. Jones, G. Pizza, C. DeVinci: Infectious mononucleosis: immunotherapy woth EBV-specific transfer factor. J. Exp. Pathol., 3, 399–406 (1987).
C. De Yuan, X. Ming-Rong, L. Hua-Ran, W. Huy-Min, et al.: The development of specific transfer factor for EB virus in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 247–52, ed. T. Fuji-sawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
D. Viza, A. Lefesvre, M. Patrasco, J. Phillips, N. Hebbrecht, G. Laumond, J. M. Vich: A preliminary report on three AIDS patients treated with anti-HIV specific transfer factor. J. Exp. Path., 3, 653–9 (1987).
D. Viza, J. M. Vich, A. Minarro, D. V. Albashi, S. Z. Salahuddin: Soluble extracts from a lymphoblastoid cell line modulate SAIDS evolution. J. Virol. Met., 21, 241–253 (1988).
J. Borvâk, H. Schmidtmayerová: Inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity by HPLC fractions of lysed leukocyte ultrafiltrate in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 87–94, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
R. E. Wolf, H. H. Fudenberg, T. M. Welch, L. E. Spitler, and M. Ziff: Treatment of Behçet’s syndrome with transfer factor. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 238, 869 (1977).
K. Freiburger and H. H. Fudenberg: Behçet’s Disease: Pitfalls in therapy and diagnosis. Hosp. Pract., 15, 40 (1980).
L. R. Heim: Atopic dermatitis, specific virus infections, and Behçet’s syndrome: transfer factor therapy in Immune Regulators in Transfer Factor, p. 531–6, ed. A. Khan, C. H. Kirkpatrick, N. O. Hill. Academic Press; New York (1979).
J. J. Hooks: Possibility of a viral etiology in recurrent aphthous ulcers and Behçet’s syndrome. J. Oral Pathol., 7, 353 (1978).
T. Lehner: Immunologic aspects of recurrent oral ulceration and Behçet’s syndrome. J. Oral Pathol. 7, 424 (1978).
G. M. P. Galbraith, H. H. Fudenberg: Transfer factor in Dermatologic Immunology and Allergy, p. 889–98, ed. J. Stone. Mosby; St. Louis, Mo (1985).
G. M. P. Galbraith, H. H. Fudenberg: Unpublished observations (1987).
H. H. Fudenberg: In preparation.
A. Rook: Common baldness and alopecia areata in Recent Advances in Dermatology, ed. A. Rook, pp. 223–47. Churchill Livingstone; New York (1977).
G. M. P. Galbraith, B. H. Thiers, D. B. Vasily, and H.H. Fudenberg: Immunological profiles in alopecia areata. Br. J. Dermatol., 110, 163 (1984).
F. Fomatsu: Effects of DLE and inosine fraction of DLE on lymphocytes in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 14–16, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
K. Bamet, V. Hribalová, J. Pekárek, K. Cech: The effect of DLE and isoprinosine and guinea pig thymocytes in the comitogentic test in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 86–94, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
H. H. Fudenberg, A. Tsang: In preparation.
R. E. Wolff, H. H. Fudenberg, and J. N. Gilliam: Transfer factor therapy in a case of pemphigus vegetans associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 10, 292 (1978).
H. H. Fudenberg, A. J. Strelkauskas, J. M. Goust, D. Osborne, D. Fort, and D. Vasily: “Discoid” lupus erythematosis: Dramatic clinical and immunological response to dialyzable leukocyte extract (Transfer Factor). Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians, 94, 279 (1981).
D. B. Vasily, F. Miller, H. H. Fudenberg, J. M. Goust, and G. B. Wilson: Epidermodysplasia verriciformis: response to therapy with dialyzable leukocyte extract (transfer factor) derived from household contacts. J. Clin. Lab. Immunol., 14, 49 (1984).
Deleted in proof.
Deleted in proof.
J. M. Dwyer, E. Topper, and R. Sherwin: The prevention of diabetes in BB rats by the administration of transfer factor in 5th International Symposium on Transfer Factor, ed. V. Mayer, J. Borvak, pp. 275–84. Inst. Virol. Slovak Acad. Sci.; Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (1987).
W. H. Clark, M. J. Mastrangelo, A. M. Ainsworth, D. Berd, R. E. Bellet, and E. A. Bernardino: Current concepts of the biology of human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Adv. Cancer Res. 24, 267 (1977).
R. M. Bukowski, S. Deodhar, J. S. Hewlett, and R. Greenstreet: Randomized controlled trial of transfer factor in stage II malignant melanoma. Cancer, 51, 269 (1983).
R. M. Bukowski, J. S. Hewlett, and S. H. Deodhar: Immunotherapy of stage II malignant melanoma and renal cell carcinoma with transfer factor in clinical results in Immune Regulators in Transfer Factor, p. 581–90, ed. by A. Khan, C. H. Kirkpatrick, N. O. Hill. Academic Press; New York (1987).
R. M. Vetto, D. R. Burger, J. E. Nolte, A. A. Vandenbark: Transfer factor immunotherapy in cancer in Transfer Factor: Basic Properties and Clinical Applications, p. 523–36, ed. M. S. Asher, A. A. Gottlieb, C. H. Kirkpatrick. Academic Press; New York (1976).
V. S. Byers, A. S. Levin, A. J. Hackett, H. H. Fudenberg: Tumor-specific cell mediated immunity in household contacts of cancer patients. J. Clin. Invest, 55, 500 (1975).
A. Levin, V. Byers, H. H. Fudenberg: Unpublished observations (1982).
H. H. Fudenberg, K. Y. Tsang: In utero osteosarcoma tolerized hamsters: a model for human cancer and immunocyte differentiation, p. 23–43, in Theories and Models in Cellular Transformation, ed. L. Saanti, L. Zardi. Academic Press; London, England (1985) (Proceedings Scientific Celebration: A. Nobel’s 150th birthday).
K. Y. Tsang, H. H. Fudenberg, and J. F. Pan: Transfer of osteosarcoma specific cell-mediated immunity in hamsters by rabbit dialyzable leukocyte extracts. Cell Immunol, 90, 295 (1985).
F. Corrado, G. Pizza, G. Severini, C. DeVinci, S. Casanova, D. Menniti, G. Corrado, P. Mauer: Immunochirurgia del tumori vescicali in Chirurgia e Immunitá, p. 317–27, ed. G. Balbo, E. C. Farina. Edizioni Masson; Milano, Italy (1988).
G. Pizza, G. Corrado, C. DeVinci, V. Fornarola, F. Corrado: Prospettive del trattamento immunologico del carcinoma renale in E Tumori Urologici: Recenti Progressi e Nuovi Obbiettivi Delia Ricerca, p. 223–32, ed. F. Corrado, et al. Monduzzi Editore; Bologna, Italy (1992).
F. K. Nkruman, G. Pizza, J. Neequaye, D. Viza, C. DeVinci, P. H. Levine: Transfer factor in prevention of Burkitt’s lymphoma relapses. J. Exp. Pathol., 3, 463–69 (1987).
W. Wei-zhong, S. Rong-wu, K. Xi-xiong, B. Li-qi, Y. De-fa, W. Wei, J. Hui-rong. W. Biao, Z. Ji-sheng: The effects of swine spleen transfer factor on the subset of T-lymphocyte and cell factor in the patients with cancer of large intestine in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 360–6, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
He Guangfa, Mu Yuande: Production of transfer factor from human leucocytes and its Clinical Application in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 446–7, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
B. Massayuki, T. Fujisawa, Y. Yamaguchi, H. Kimura, M. Shiba, C. Kadayama, T. Yusa: Postsurfical Adjuvant immunotherapy for non-small cell lung carcinomas in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 367–374, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
L. Busutti, A. Blotta, M. Mastrorilli, G. Savorani, G. Pizza, C. DeVinci: Transfer factor adjuvant therapy in non small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) after surgery and radiotherapy. J. Exp. Pathol., 5, 565–8 (1987).
T. Jujisawa, Y. Yamaguchi, H. Kimura: Randomized controlled study of leucocyte dialysate and N-CWS as an adjunct to surgical treatment for primary non-small cell carcinoma of the lung in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 389–98, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
T. Fikuvoa, H. Mareckova, O. Krystukova, K. Cech, J. Pekárek: DLE in immunosuppressed patients in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 315–22, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
Y Lian, Q. Bian, L. Wang, D. Chen, Z. Li: Short-term observation on administering BTF combined with 60Co radiotherapy for nasopharygeal carcinoma in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 319–24, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ruzhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
O. Sibl, J. Pekárek, K. Cech, J. Svejcar: The adjuvant therapy of the nasopharyngeal tumor with transfer factor in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 403–10, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
S. K. Morrison, H. H. Fudenberg, and D. B. Vasily: Ten year survival of a patient with hypernephroma and pulmonary metastases, in preparation (1993).
F. Corrado, G. Pizza, C. DeVinci, G. Corrado: Il trattamento con transfer factor delle metastasi ossee da adenocarcinoma della prostata, p. 1233–5, in Le Metastasi, ed. F. Saccani et al. Monduzzi Editore; Bologna, Italy (1987).
H. H. Fudenberg, H. D. Whitten, P. Arnaud, N. Khansari: Hypothesis: Is Alzheimer’s Disease an immunological Disorder? Clin. Immuno. and Im munopath., 32, 127–31 (1984).
H. H. Fudenberg, H. D. Whitten, P. Arnaud, N. Khansari, K. Y. Tsang, C. G. Harnes: Immune diagnosis of subset of Alzheimer’s disease with preliminary implications for immunotherapy. Biomed. Pharmacol., 38, 290–7 (1984).
H. H. Fudenberg, V. J. Singh: Implications of Immunomodulant therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease, p. 21–42, in Progress in Drug Research, ed. E. Jukker. Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland (1988).
H. H. Fudenberg: Hetergeneity of Alzheimer’s Disease in Proceedings of International Symposium of Neurologic Disorders. Molecular Chemistry, in press (1993).
H. H. Fudenberg, M. Coleman, R. Rosberger, H. L. Fudenberg: Immunotherapy of severe infantile onset autism. (Abstract). Clin. Res., 37, 556a (1989).
H. H. Fudenberg and V. J. Singh: Immunodiagnosis and immunotherapy in autistic children. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 540, 602–4 (1988).
H. H. Fudenberg, M. Coleman, D. Rosberger: In preparation (1993).
H. H. Fudenberg: Immunotherapy and immunodiagnosis of central nervous system disease subsets. In preparation (1993).
G. M. P. Galbraith and H.H. Fudenberg: One subset of patients with retinitis pigmentosa has immunologic defects. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 31, 254 (1984).
G. M. P. Galbraith, D. Emmerson, H.H. Fudenberg, C.J. Gibbs, and D. C. Gadjusek: Antibodies to neurofilament protein in retinitis pigmentosa. J. Clin Invest., 78, 865 (1986).
S. Bahmanyar, M. C. Moreau-Dubois, P. Brown, F. Cathala, and D. C. Gadjusek: Serum antibodies to neurofilament antigens in patiens with neurological and other diseases and in healthy controls. J. Neuroimmunol, 5(2), 191 (1983).
V. K. Singh, R. P. Warren, J. D. Odell, W. L. Warren, P. Cole: Antibodies to Myelin basic protein in children with austic behavior. Brain Behav. and Immun., 7, 97–103 (1993).
J. Fleishman: Personal communication (1987).
J. F. Jones, S. E. Straus: Chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection. Ann. Rev. Med., 38, 195–209 (1987).
G. Parish, D. Bell, B. Hyde, H. Rubinstein: The disease of a thousand names in The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgic Encephalomyeltis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, p. 3–4, ed. B. M. Hyde, J. Goldstine, P. Levine. The Nightingale Research Foundation; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1992).
H. Rubinstein: “Spasmophilia” and/or “Myalgie Encephalomyelitis”? in The Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgie Encephalomyeltis Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, p. 100–3, ed. B. M. Hyde, J. Goldstine, P. Levine. The Nightingale Research Foundation; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1992).
H. H. Fudenberg: Florence Nightingale Disease: a five year analysis of 50 patients with special emphasis on results of immunotherapy in Clinical and Scientific Basis of Myalgie Enkephalitis/Chronic Fatigue, p. 651–653, ed. B. Hyde, Ottawa U. Press; Ottawa, Canada, and Ogdensburg, NY (1992).
B. M. Hyde: Personal communication (1992).
H. H. Fudenberg: Cox constellation complex. In preparation (1993).
J. M. Dwyer, A. Lloyd, D. Wakefield: Transfer factor for chronic fatigue syndrome in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 288–91, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
B. Yang, Z. Li, Z. Cui, Y. Luo: Mechanisms of development of myasthenia gravis and the treatment effects of transfer factor. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1989).
K. Takenouchi, S. Sasakawa: Effects of dialyzable leukocyte extracts (DLE) in survical curves of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patients in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 238–242, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan (1992).
T. Fog, L. Pedersen, N. E. Raun, S. Kam-Hansen, E. Mellerup, et al.: Long-term transfer factor treatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet, i (8069), 851 (1979).
A. Basten, J. D. Pollard, G.J. Stewart, J. A. Frith, J. G. Mcleod et al.: Transfer factor in treatment of multiple sclerosis. Lancet, 2, 9341 (1980).
J. Pekärek, K. Cech, O. Nevsimal, K. Baraet, S. Doutlik, O. Cervenková: The use of DLE-TF fraction with the suppressive effect in some autoaggressive diseases in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 326–332, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
H. H. Fudenberg, E. L. Hogan, J. M. Goust, S. W. Brostoff: Guillain-Barre syndrome, cellular immune deficiency and lymphoma: A case report. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., 3, 1–7 (1981).
F. Yizhen, S. Xiurong, H. Hongzhen, W. Shirong: Effects and immunological analysis of transfer factor (TF) and placental factor (PF) on Guillain-Barre’s syndromes (BGS) in children in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 335–338, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
L. Baoqun, X. Jianyang, Chengguanliang: Transfer factor and thymosin in the treatment Guillain-Barre’s syndrome in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 339–342, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
B. Liu, K. Diao, J. Guo, Z. Fan: Acute infectious polyneuritis treated with transfer factor in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 432–6, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
J. Rovensky, I. Rybar, M. Orlovska, L. Rauova, J. Pekárek: DLE in the therapy of juvenile chronic arthritis in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 323–5, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
L. Spitler, M. Ziff, H. H. Fudenberg: Unpublished observations (1972).
Xiao Xiuxin: Observation of curative effect curing scleroderma with transfer factor of health person in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 437–9, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
J. Rovensky, I. Mucska, R. Redhammer, J. Pekärek, P. Pruzinec: Wegener’s granulomatosis: some comments on the diagnosis and therapy in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 349–353, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
I. Sonkoly, I. Schroder, E. Bodolay, K. Lukacs and GY. Szegedi: Treatment of SLE with Transfer Factor Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, page 430, Xueyuan Press, Beijing (1989).
W. Borkowski, S. Karpatkin: Leukocyte migration and inhibition of buffy coat from patients with autoimmune TP when exposed to normal placed: modulation by TF. Blood, 63, 83–87 (1984).
M. Karl, N. Domke, W. Franke, and G. Metzner: Immunotherapy of women with recurrent spontaneous abortions by human large pool dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 311–314, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
N. Khansari, H. H. Fudenberg: Functional heterogeneity of human cord blood monocytes. J. Immunol., 19, 337–42 (1984).
J. Rovensky, I. Schroder, J. Pekârek, J. Svejcar, F. Vlcek: Transfer factor treatment in patients with psoriasis, p. 605–32, in Immune Regulators in Transfer Factor, ed. A. Khan, C. H. Kirkpatrick, N. O. Hill, Academic Press, NY (1979).
R. S. Schwartz and W. S. Jeter: Oral administration of human dialyzable transfer factor in a patient with psoriasis. Arch. Dermatol. 117, 3 (1981).
F. Vlcek, J. Rovensky, T. Urbanek, V. Svec, J. Lukac, et al.: Immunomodulatory therapy with dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) in psoriasis in Leukocyte Dialysates and Transfer Factor, p. 565–70, ed. V. Mayer, J. Borvak, Inst. Virol. Slovak Acad. Sci.; Bratislava, Czechoslavakia (1987).
D. Yan, Y. Xie, L. Pen, F. Qi, R. Zhong: The effect of DLE induced by psoriasis scale on psoriasis patients and their immunological function in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 253–8, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
H. H. Fudenberg, H.D. Whitten, E. Merler, O. Farmati: Is Schizophrenia an autoimmune receptor disorder? Med. Hypoth. 12, 85–92 (1983).
H. H. Fudenberg, H. D. Whitten, Y. K. Chou, P. Arnaud, A. A. Shums, N. K. Khansari: Sigma receptors and autoimmune mechanisms in schizophrenia: preliminary findings and hypotheses. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 38, 285–90 (1984).
L. E. DeLisi, R. J. Weber, C. B. Pert: Are there antibodies against brain in era from schizophrenic patients? Biol. Psychiatry, 20, 94–119 (1985).
D. Xie, T. Wang, B. Huo, X. Du: Clinical observation on 37 cases of chizophrenia treated with transfer factor from bovine spleen in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 354–6, ed. Huo Bao-lai, ang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
Y. Han, J. Liu, B. Huo, E. Wu: A control study of transfer factor and hlorpromazine in the Treatment of Schizophrenics in Research and pplication of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 347–54, ed. Huo Bao-lai, ang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
H. H. Fudenberg, M. Waisten: Dramatic results of immunotherapy in a evere schizophrenic. In preparation.
V. Kofranek, K. Barnet, J. Pekârek, K. Cech: Radioprotective effects of DLE in Research and Application of Transfer Factor and DLE, p. 306–13, ed. Huo Bao-lai, Wang Ru-zhang, Zou Zhao-fen. Xueyuan Press; Beijing, China (1989).
V. Kofranek, K. Barnet, J. Pekârek, K. Cech: The radioprotective effects of DLE-TF on BM cells in mice in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 140–4, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi, Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
J. J. Giambrone, P. H. Klesius, and H. H. Fudenberg: Adoptive transfer of delayed wattle reactivity in chickens with a dialyzable leukocyte extract containing transfer factor. Poultry Sci., 62(5), 767 (1983).
Liu Kui, Liu Wen: Clinical application of transfer factor of tun duck blood in Recent Advances in Transfer Factor and Dialyzable Leucocyte Extracts, p. 253–55, ed. T. Fujisawa, S. Sasakawa, Y. Iikura, F. Komatsu, Y. Yamaguchi. Maruzen Co., Ltd.; Tokyo, Japan (1992).
R. Moulias: Use of murine transfer factor in AIDS. Instit. Virol., Slovak Acad. Sci.; Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (1988).
N. Bhardwaj, E. Brummer, L. G. Foster, H. S. Lawrence: Transfer of DTH to SK-SK and tetanus toxoid in BALB/c mice by TFd prepared from purified subpopulations of murine lymphocytes in Immune Regulators in Transfer Factor, p. 285, ed. Khan, et al. Academic Press; New York (1979).
P. Rifkind, J. A. Frey, E. A. Petersen, M. Dinowitz: Transfer of delayed hypersensitivity of mice to microbial antigens with dialyzable transfer factor. Infect. Immun. 16, 258–62 (1977).
E. M. Liburd, H. R. Pabst, and W. D. Armstrong: Transfer factor in rat coccidiosis. Cell. Immunol., 5, 487 (1972).
G. B. Wilson, M. L. Morin, L. D. Stuart, A. M. Williams, et al.: Transfer of cell-mediated immunity in vitro to human lymphocytes using dialyzable leukocyte extracts from immune burros in Immunobiology of Transfer Factor, p. ????, ed. C. H. Kirkpatrick, H. S. Lawrence, D. R. Burger. Academic Press; New York (1983).
P. H. Klesius and H. H. Fudenberg: Bovine transfer factor: in vivo transfer of cell-mediated immunity to cattle with alcohol precipitates. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol., 8, 238 (1977).
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Fudenberg, H.H., Pizza, G. (1994). Transfer factor 1993: New frontiers. In: Jucker, E. (eds) Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques. Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques, vol 42. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7153-2_7
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