Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Progress in Drug Research ((PDR,volume 35))

Abstract

The quest for better health and a happier society has always been one of the prime objectives of man. This has persuaded almost all the advanced countries of the world to conquer most of the metabolic, CNS-CVS, viral, microbial and parasitic diseases. However, a large section of the world population, especially those living in the tropical and sub-tropical zones still continue to reel under the agony and distress of different tropical diseases which are caused by invasion of the human body by a wide variety of viruses, microbes, protozoans and helminths. The tropical diseases thus, pose a serious threat to human as well as animal health and consequently exert detrimental effects on the general well-being, quality of life and socioeconomic development of the masses living in the endemic areas [1, 2]. The geographical distribution and rate of incidence of a large number of diseases, prevalent in the tropics, may depend upon several factors, the most important being the abundance of certain biological vectors which not only carry and transmit the pathogens of the diseases but can also serve as the intermediate hosts in the life cycle of the causative agents [3].

Communication No. 4467 from Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Swartzwelder and D. F. Clyde (eds.): Tropical Medi-cine. 5th ed., W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  2. A. W. Woodruff (ed.): Medicine in the Tropics, Churchill Livingstone. London (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. J. McKelvey, Jr., B. E. Eldridge and K. Maramorosch (eds.): Vectors of Disease Agents. Praeger Publishers, New York (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  4. C. G. Huff: Science, 74, 456 (1931).

    Google Scholar 

  5. W. Burgdorfer: in Vectors of Disease Agents, eds. J. J. McKelvey, Jr., B. E. Eldridge and K. Maramorosch, Praeger Publishers, New York, p. 44 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  6. P. Nickel: Pharm. Internat. 4, 37 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  7. L. J. Bruce-Chwatt (ed.): in Chemotherapy of Malaria, II ed., World Health Organisation, Geneva (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  8. M. D. Young: in ref. 1, p. 353.

    Google Scholar 

  9. a) C. J. Schofield: Parasitology Today, 1, 2 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  10. G. Davidson: New Scientist, 96, 731 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  11. J. F. Trape: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 181 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  12. W. E. Collins and J. C. Skinner: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 21, 690 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  13. I. G. Kagan: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 21, 683 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  14. A. W. Ferreira and M. C. A. Sanchez: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo. 30, 137 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  15. L. Franzen et al.: Lancet 1 525 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  16. J. Haworth: Trop. Dis. Bull. 84, RI (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  17. G. Reibnegger et al: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 545 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  18. K. Bein and P. Olcen: Ethiopian Med. J. 22, 119 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  19. R. S. Rozman and C. J. Canfield: Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. 16, 1 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  20. T. R. Sweeny and R. E. Strube: in Burger’s Medicinal Chemistry, Part II, 4th ed., M. E. Wolff (ed.), John-Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 333 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  21. W. Peters and W. H. G. Richards (eds.): Antimalarial Drugs Vol. I and II (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 68), Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  22. T. G. Geary and J. B. Jensen: in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew, Plenum Press, New York, 87 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  23. A. K. Saxena and M. Saxena: Prog. Drug Res. 30, 221 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  24. R. N. Chaudhuri, B. N. Dutta and N. K. Chakaravarty: Indian Med Gazz. 89, 660 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  25. M. J. Miller: Prog. Drug Res. 20, 433 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Abramowicz (ed.): The Medical Letter (Medical Letter Inc., New Rochelle, USA), 30, 15 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  27. D. Bunnag et al.: Trans Roy Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 66 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  28. D. Bunnag and T. Harinasuta: Internat. J. Parasitol. 17, 169 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  29. P. T. Myint, T. Shwe, L. Soe and Y. Htut: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 72 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  30. P. T. Myint and T. Shwe: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 559 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  31. S. K. Puri and G. P. Dutta: Prog. Drug Res. 26, 167 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  32. K. H. Riekmann: Ann. Rev. Med. 34, 321 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  33. W. Raether and E. Fink: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 73, 505 (1979); 76, 507 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  34. L. H. Schmidt: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 16, 475 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  35. G. Watt et al.: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 205 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  36. D. L. Heymann, C. O. Khoromana, J. J. Wirima and C. C. Campbell: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 722 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  37. W. Roehl: Naturwissenschaften, 14, 1156 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  38. P. Mühlens: Naturwissenschaften, 14, 1162 (1926).

    Google Scholar 

  39. B. Bhat, M. Seth and A. P. Bhaduri: Prog. Drug Res.: 28, 197 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. S. Alving, C. F. Johnson, A. R. Tarlow, G. J. Brewer, R. W. Kellermeyer and P. E. Carson: Bull. WHD 22, 621 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  41. P. E. Carson: Fed. Proc. 19, 995 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. E. Carson, C. L. Flanagan, C. E. Ickes and A. S. Alving: Science 124, 484 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  43. A. S. Alving, R. D. Powell, G. J. Brewer and J. D. Arnold: Drugs, Parasites, Hosts, Symp. Middlesex, Hosp. Med. School, p. 83 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  44. L. H. Schmidt, R. Fradkin, D. Vaughan and J. Rasco: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 26, 1116 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  45. E. A. Nodiff, K. Tanabe, C. Seyfried, S. Matsura, Y. Kando, E. H. Chen and M. P. Tyagi: J. Med. Chem. 14, 921 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  46. T. M. Cosgriff, E. F. Boudreau, C. L. Pamplin, E. B. Doberstyn, R. E. Desjardins and C. J. Canfield. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 1075 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  47. C. W. Muth, B. Bhattacharya, R. L. Mahaffey and H. L. Minigh: J. Med. Chem. 16, 303 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  48. E. A. Nodiff, A. J. Saggimo, K. Tanabe, E. H. Chen, M. Sinbo, M. P. Ty-agi, A. Kozuka, H. Otomasu and B. L. Verma: J. Med. Chem. 18, 1011 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  49. A. Markovac and M. P. LaMontagne: J. Med. Chem. 19, 978 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  50. L. C. Washburn and D. E. Pearson: J. Med. Chem. 17, 676 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  51. R. E. Harmon, T. S. Lin and S. K. Gupta: J. Med. Chem. 16, 940 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  52. P-Lu Chien, D. J. McCaustland, W. H. Burton and C. C. Cheng: J. Med. Chem. 15, 28 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  53. M. Loy and M. M. Joullie: J. Med. Chem. 16, 549 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  54. P-Lu Chien and C. C. Cheng: J. Med. Chem. 16, 1093 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  55. A. S. Dey and J. L. Neumeyer: J. Med. Chem. 17, 1095 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  56. G. E. Childs, C. Lambros, J. D. Notsch, C. L. Pamplin, D. E. Davidson Jr. and A. Ager: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 78, 13 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  57. C. J. Canfield, A. P. Hall, B. S. MacDonald, D. A. Neuman and J. A. Shaw: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3, 224 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  58. D. F. Clyde, V. C. McCarthy, C. C. Rebert and R. M. Miller: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 3, 220 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  59. M. Porter and W. Peters: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 70, 271 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  60. L. H. Schmidt, R. Crosby, J. Rasco and D. Vaughan: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 14, 292 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  61. J. Rinehart, J. Arnold and C. J. Canfield: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25, 769 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  62. W. Peters, R. E. Howells, J. Portus, B. L. Robinson, S. Thomas and D. C. Warhurst: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 71, 407 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  63. T. R. Sweeney: Med. Res. Rev. 1, 281 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  64. World Health Organisation: Bull. WHO. 61, 169 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  65. J. M. K. Ekue et al.: Bull. WHO 61, 713 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  66. T. Harinasuta et al.: Bull. WHO 61, 299 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  67. T. Harinasuta et al.: Lancet 1, 885 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  68. F. Tin et al.: Bull. WHO 60, 913 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  69. J. P. Couland et al.: Ann. Soc. Belge. Mod. Trop. 63, 247 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  70. J. M. De Souza: Bull WHO 61, 815 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  71. L. F. Fieser and H. Heymann: J. Biol. Chem. 176, 1363 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  72. L. F. Fieser and A. P. Richardson: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 3156 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  73. L. F. Fieser et al.: J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 70, 3151 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  74. L. F. Fieser, J. P. Shirmer, S. Archer, R. R. Lorenz and P. I. Pfaffenbach: J. Med. Chem. 10, 513 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  75. L. F. Fieser et al.: J. Med. Chem. 10, 517 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  76. G. Fawaz and F. S. Haddad: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 569 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  77. D. A. Berberian and R. G. Slighter: J. Parasitol. 54, 999 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  78. D. A. Berberian, R. G. Slighter and H. W. Freele: J. Parasitol. 54, 1181 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  79. World Health Organisation, Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 529, 62 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  80. J. Hill: Experimental Chemotherapy, Vol. I, p. 513, eds. R. J. Schnitzer and F. Hawking, Academic Press, New York (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  81. J. Hill: Experimental Chemotherapy, Vol. IV, p. 448, eds. R. J. Schnitzer and F. Hawking, Academic Press, New York (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  82. L. T. Coggeshall, J. Mair and C. A. Best: J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 117, 1077 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  83. H. Bader et al.: J. Med. Chem. 12, 709 and 1108 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  84. I. C. Popoff et al.: J. Med. chem. 11, 631 (1968); 14, 540 and 1166 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  85. E. F. Elslager et al.: J. Med. Chem. 12, 363 and 519 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  86. C. Y. Chiou: Biochem. Pharmac. 20, 2401 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  87. A. C. Sonntag, V. G. Stenger, B. P. Vogh and T. H. Maran: J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 182, 34 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  88. H. J. Scholer, R. Leimer and R. R. Richle: Antimalarial drugs, Part II, p. 123–221, eds. W. Peters and W. H. G. Richards, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  89. G. L. Mandell and M. A. Sande: The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 6th ed. p. 1106–1125 eds. A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman and A. Gilman, Macmillan Publishers, New York (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  90. R. Ferone: Antimalarial drugs Part II, p. 207–221, eds. W. Peters and W. H. G. Richards, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  91. V. V. Olsen: Lancet 1, 649 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  92. W. Peters, J. H. Portus and B. L. Robinson: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 67, 143 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  93. W. Peters: Bull WHO 51, 379 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  94. T. Harinasuta, C. Varavan and P. Buranasin: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 694 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  95. P. Delton, J. D. Sexton, L. Buglimitura and C. Sezibera: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 244 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  96. H. Stemberger et al.: Acta Tropica 41, 391 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  97. B. Darlow et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 1 and 10 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  98. T. Chongsuphajaisiddhi et al.: Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health. 14, 357 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  99. T. J. Ponnampalan and H. A. Frank: Singapore Med. J. 24, 104 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  100. F. Tin and N. Hlaing: Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health 15, 238 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Z. S. Huang et al.: Chin J. Parasit. & Parasitic Dis. 6, 285 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  102. Y. Yoshida et al.: Jap. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 15, 105 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  103. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 33 713 (1984) cited in ref. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  104. D. J. Bradley et al.: Brit. Med. J. 291, 136 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  105. R. Lainson and J. J. Shaw: Nature, 273, 595 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  106. A. Zuckermann and R. Lainson: Leishmania in Kreyer Parasitic Protozoa (Academic Press, New York). 1, 58 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  107. S. L. Croft: Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 9, 376 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  108. F. Modabbar: Leishmaniasis in Tropical Diseases Research, a Global partnership. 8th Programme Report of UNDP/World Bank/WHO/Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  109. J. A. Walsch and K. S. Warren: N. Engl. J. Med. 301, 967 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  110. R. N. Iyer: Perspective in Parasitology, eds. A. B. Sen, J. C. Katiyar, P. Y. Guru, Print House (India), Lucknow, 1, 275 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  111. P. F. D’Archy and D. W. G. Harron: Pharm. Internat. 238 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  112. W. Peters: Indian J. Med. Res. 73 (Suppl.) 1 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  113. E. A. Steck: Prog. Drug Res. 18, 289 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  114. A. D. M. Bryceson: The Leishmaniasis, Vol. II, eds. W. Peters and R. Killick-Kendrick, Academic Press, New York, p. 847 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  115. P. Kern: Antibiot. Chemother. 30, 203 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  116. Leishmaniasis: Bull WHO 44, 471 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  117. J. D. Berman: Rev. Infect. Dis. 10, 560 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  118. L. G. Goodwin and J. E. Page: Biochem. J. 37, 198 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  119. G. de Cristina and G. Caronia: Deut. Arch. Klin. Med. 117, 263 (1915); Trop. Dis. Bull. 7, 80 (1916).

    Google Scholar 

  120. L. Rogers: Brit Med. J. II, 197 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  121. P. Mackie: Brit. Med. J. II, 745 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  122. G. C. Low: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18, 258 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  123. a) C. P. Thakur, M. Kumar, P. Kumar, B. N. Mishra and A. K. Pandey: Brit. Med. J. 296, 1557 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  124. E. Beveridge: Experimental Chemotherapy, Vol. 1, eds. R. Schnitzer and F. Hawking, Academic Press, New York, p. 257 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  125. J. La Pierre: Presse Med. 77, 134 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  126. H. Schmidt: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 53, 95 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  127. M. G. Schultz, K. A. Western and D. Perera: J. Infect. Dis. 119, 307 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Drugs for Parasitic Infections, Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics 30, 15 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  129. G. M. Anabwani, J. A. Ngira, G. Dimiti and A. D. M. Bryceson: Lancet I, 210 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  130. C. P. Thakur: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 78, 391 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  131. C. N. Oster et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 856 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  132. J. D. Chulay, E. M. Anzeze, D. K. Koech and A. D. M. Bryceson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77, 717 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  133. A. D. M. Bryceson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64, 369 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  134. R. E. Adballah, M. Ali, a. J. Wasfi and A. M. E. Hassan: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 549 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  135. B. C. Walton, T. E. Paulson, M. A. Arjona and C. A. Peterson: J. A. M. A. 228, 1256 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  136. The Leishmaniases, WHO Tech. Rep. Series No. 701 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  137. N. Ansari, C. Mofidi and Chodjazade: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 43, 546 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  138. H. Floch: Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 47, 509 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  139. H. T. Chaglassian: Derm. Int. 6, 168 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  140. P. C. Sen Gupta: Indian Med. Gaz. 85, 291 and 547 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  141. P. J. Carbalho: Hospital, Rio de Janeiro. 54, 387 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  142. P. C. Sen Gupta, B. Bhattacharya, A. Dass and C. Sanyal: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 55, 205 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  143. E. A. Llanos-Cuentas: Masters Thesis, University of Brasilia (1984); cited by P. M. McGreevy and P. D. Marsden, in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew, Plenum Press, New York, p. 123 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  144. R. A. A. Rocha, R. N. R. Sampaio, M. Guerra, A. Magalhaes, C. C. Cuba, A. C. Barreto and P. D. Marsden: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 83, 131 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  145. R. N. R. Sampaio, R. A. A. Rocha, P. D. Marsden, C. C. Cuba and A. C. Barreto: Ann. Brasil Dermatol. 55, 69 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  146. R. N. R. Sampaio: Masters Thesis, Universidade Federal de Belo Horizonte (1984); cited by P. B. McGreevy and P. D. Marsden, in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Disease, eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew, Plenum Press, New York, p. 123 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  147. P. D. Marsden, R. N. R. Sampaio, E. M. Carvalho, J. P. T. Veiga, J. L. M. Costa and E. A. Llanos-Cuentas: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 710 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  148. H. Smidt and F. M. Peter: Advances in the Therapeutics of Anitmony, Thieme Verlag, Leipzig (1938).

    Google Scholar 

  149. U. N. Brahmachari: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 24, 213 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  150. A. Lignos: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 25, 1043 (1932).

    Google Scholar 

  151. F. P. Mackie: Indian Med. Gaz. 56, 76 (1921).

    Google Scholar 

  152. L. E. Napier, Lancet. I, 280 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  153. D. N. Banerji: Calcutta Med. J. 17, 265 (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  154. L. E. Napier: Indian J. Med. Res. 15, 81 (1927).

    Google Scholar 

  155. M. H. Sati: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 36, 1 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  156. P. C. Sen Gupta: Indian Med. Gaz. 88, 20 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  157. E. A. Cacchia and F. F. Fench: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 58, 234 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  158. U. N. Brahmachari: Indian J. Med. Res. 10, 492, 508, 948 (1922); 11, 393, 405 (1923); 12, 397 (1924); 13, 111 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  159. U. N. Brahmachari: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 44, 67 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  160. U. N. Brahmachari and J. Das: Indian J. Med. Res. 12, 423 (1924); 13, 693 (1925).

    Google Scholar 

  161. H. E. Shortt and R. T. Sen: Indian J. Med. Res. 11, 653 (1923); 12, 335 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  162. H. E. Shortt: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39, 13 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  163. E. A. Ho, T. H. Soong and Y. Li: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 41, 573 (1948); 42, 573 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  164. T. T. Chen: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 43, 174 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  165. P. E. C. Manson-Bahr and R. B. Heisch: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 50, 465 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  166. F. Biagi: in Tropical Medicine, 5th ed., eds. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Swartz-welder and D. F. Clyde, W. B. Saunders Company, p. 415 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  167. WHO Offset Publication, TDR/CHEMLEISH/VL/82.3, p. 19 (1982); cited by P. M. McGreevy and P. D. Marsden in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew, Plenum Press, New York p. 119 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  168. J. D. Chulay, S. M. Bhatt, R. Muigai, M. Ho, G. Gachihi, J. B. O. Were, C. Chunge and A. D. M. Bryceson: J. Infect. Dis. 148, 148 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  169. P. H. Rees, M. I. Keating, P. A. Kager and W. T. Hochmeyer: Lancet. 2, 226 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  170. J. D. Chulay, H. C. Spencer and M. Mugambi: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 702 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  171. J. N. Ashley, J. Barber, A. J. Ewins, G. S. Newberry and A. D. H. Self: J. Chem. Soc. 103 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  172. J. N. Ashley and H. O. Harris: J. Chem. Soc. 567 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  173. E. B. Schoenbach and E. M. Greenspan: Medicine 27, 327 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  174. F. N. Fastier: Pharm. Rev. 14, 37 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  175. A. Kreutzberger: Prog. Drug Res. 11, 356 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  176. S. Alder and I. Tchernomoretz: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 33, 313 (1939); 36, 11 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  177. A. R. D. Adams and W. Yorke: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 33, 323 (1939); 34, 173 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  178. S. Alder and M. Rachmilewitz: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 33, 329 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  179. A. L. Wingfield: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 35, 55 (1941).

    Google Scholar 

  180. P. C. Sen Gupta: Indian Med. Gaz. 78, 537 (1943); 79, 50 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  181. H. L. Chung, H. K. Chow, N. Chang and Y. P. Ts’ao: Chinese Med. J. 69, 171 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  182. J. D. Fulton: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 37, 48 (1943).

    Google Scholar 

  183. P. C. Sengupta: Indian Med. Gaz. 85, 547 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  184. P. C. Sengupta: Lancet II, 97 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  185. R. C. Morris, D. O’Brien and J. C. Gonick: Amer. J. Med. 30, 624 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  186. I. Snapper: Amer. J. Med. 13, 655 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  187. P. C. Sengupta: Indian Med. Gaz. 79, 49 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  188. P. Kirk: Proc. 6th Internat. Cong. Trop. Med. Mal. Lisbon. 3, 815 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  189. N. Ansari, C. Mofidi and C. Zade: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 43, 546 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  190. T. M. Lee and C. C. Ling: Chin. Med. J. 69, 160 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  191. A. N. Hazarika: Indian Med. Gaz. 84, 140 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  192. P. C. Lopes and M. A. DeAlmeida: Hospital, Rio de Janeiro 73, 223 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  193. Y. P. Silva: Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, 42, 261 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  194. A. Correa and G. da R. Brito: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 47, 513 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  195. T. P. Waalkes, C. Denham and V. T. de Vita: Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 11, 505 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  196. H. Meith: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 12, 320 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  197. W. Raether, H. Seidenath and H. Loewe: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 72, 543 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  198. B. Festy, J. Sturm and M. Daune: Biochem. Biophysica Acta, 407, 24 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  199. B. P. Das and D. W. Boykin: J. Med. Chem. 20, 1219 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  200. M. J. Waring: J. Mol. Biol. 54, 247 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  201. R. M. Wartell, J. E. Larson and R. D. Wells: J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2698 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  202. P. M. S. Chauhan, K. V. B. Rao, R. N. Iyer, V. Shankhdhar, P. Y. Guru and A. B. Sen: Indian J. Chem. 26B, 248 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  203. P. M. S. Chauhan, R. N. Iyer and D. S. Bhakuni: Indian J. Chem. 27B, 144 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  204. P. M. S. Chauhan and R. N. Iyer: Indian J. Chem. 22B, 898 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  205. E. A. Steck, K. E. Kinnamon, D. S. Rane and W. L. Hanson: Expt. Parasit. 52, 404 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  206. B. P. Das, V. B. Zalkow, M. L. Forrester, P. F. Molock and D. W. Boykin: J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 465 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  207. A. K. Kurban: Hautarzt. 24, 369 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  208. P. J. Hare: Brit. J. Derm. 74, 102 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  209. J. Homez: Ann. Derm. Syphilol. 83, 271 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  210. G. N. Pershin and N. Yu. Moskalenko: Farmac. Toksikol. 26, 446 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  211. E. Beveridge, G. Goodwin and L. P. Walls: Nature 182, 316 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  212. J. D. Berman: in The Leishmaniasis, eds. K. P. Chang and R. S. Bray, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  213. E. Beveridge and R. A. Neal: Dermat. Internat. 6, 163 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  214. W. Peters: Postgrad. Med. J. 49, 573 (1973), cited by E. A. Steck: Prog. Drug Res. 18, 324 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  215. R. A. Neal: in The Leishmaniasis Vol. II, eds. W. Peters and R. KillickKendrick, Academic Press, New York, pp. 793–845 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  216. P. A. Barrett, A. C. Caldwell and L. P. Walls: J. Chem. Soc. 2404 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  217. K. E. Kinnamon, E. A. Steck, P. S. Loiseaux, W. L. Hanson, W. L. Chapman, Jr. and V. B. Waits: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 27, 751 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  218. M. P. La Montagne, P. D. Dagli, M. S. Khan and P. Bhumbergs: J. Med. Chem. 23, 981 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  219. M. S. Khan and M. P. La Montagne: J. Med. Chem. 22, 1005 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  220. F. I. Carroll, B. O. Berrang and C. P. Linn: J. Med. Chem. 23, 581 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  221. J. L. Johnson and L. M. Werbel: J. Med. Chem. 26, 185 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  222. R. A. Neal, S. L. Croft and D. J. Nelson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 122 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  223. J. C. Anders. H. Chung and A. D. Theoharides: Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. (in press); cited by S. L. croft: Trends Pharm. Sci. 9, 376 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  224. A. D. Theoharides, H. Chung and H. Velazquez: Biochem. Pharmacol. 34, 181 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  225. Satyavan Sharma

    Google Scholar 

  226. T. A. Furtado and A. C. Viegas: Trop. Dis. Bull. 65, 987 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  227. P. I. Long: J. A. M. A. 223, 1378 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  228. J. K. P. Derson and S. Sawicki: Arch. Dermat. 111, 1343 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  229. H. F. Beltran, M. Guttierez and F. F. Biagi: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 60, 61 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  230. J. Masramon, J. Aubia, J. Lloveras, J. Llorach and M. Llorce: Lancet 1, 669 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  231. K. J. Murphy and A. C. W. Bong: Lancet. 1, 323 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  232. M. C. Baranski: Trop. Dis. Bull. 68, 1058 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  233. T. A. Furtado, J. Contijo and A. C. Viegas: Hospital Raio de Janeiro. 75, 75 (1969); Trop. Dis. Bull. 66, 530 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  234. A. C. Viegas and T. A. Furtado: Anais Bras. Derm. 43, 163 (1968); Trop. Dis. Bull. 67, 277 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  235. H. H. Salem, H. M. Elkomy and G. El-Allaf: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 388 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  236. C. M. Johnson: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 17, 819 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  237. A. D. H. Bryceson, W. A. Forster and A. Lenna: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 152 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  238. J. D. Berman, L. J. Goad, D. H. Beach and G. G. Holz: Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 20, 85 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  239. J. D. Berman: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 30, 566 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  240. R. Kubba, Y. Al-Gindan, A. M. El-Hassan and A. H. S. Orner: Saudi Med. J. 7, 596 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  241. J. Viallet et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 491 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  242. P. G. Butler: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 221 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  243. R. VanGinckel and M. De Brabander: J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 25, 125 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  244. P. M. S. Chauhan, R. N. Iyer and G. P. Dutta: Indian J. Chem. 22B, 894 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  245. R. E. Coleman, J. D. Edman and L. H. Semprevivo: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 232 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  246. J. J. Marr and R. L. Berens: Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 7, 339 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  247. B. Ullman: Pharm. Res. 5, 194 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  248. P. A. Kager, P. H. Rees, B. T. Wallde, W. U. Hockmeyer and W. H. Lyerly: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75, 556 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  249. a) C. N. Chunge et al.: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 715 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  250. S. Martinez et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39, 250 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  251. R. E. Saenz, H. Paz, C. M. Johnson, M. D. Rogers, D. J. Nelson and K. H. Pattishall: IXth Internat. Congr. Infect. Parasit. Dis., Munchen, July 20–26 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  252. S. A. P. Sampaio, M. Castro, N. L. Dillon and J. E. Costa-Martins: Internat. J. Dermat. 10, 179 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  253. P. J. T. Mayer: Munch. Med. Wschr. 116, 1539 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  254. P. Yesudian and A. S. Thambiah: Arch. Dermat. 109, 720 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  255. S. Ganor: Derm. Internat. 6, 141 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  256. B. K. Ghose and A. N. Chatterjee: Antiobot. Chemother. 12, 221 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  257. B. K. Ghose and A. N. Chatterjee: Ann. Biochem. Expt. Med. (Calcutta) 21, 25 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  258. M. M. El-din Selim and E. Kandil: J. Kuwait Med. Assoc. 75, 159 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  259. I. O. Iskander: J. Inst. Med. Res. 6, 280 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  260. N. Even-Paz, L. Weinrauch, R. Livshine, J. El-On and C. L. Greenblatt: Internat. J. Dermat. 21, 110 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  261. O. I. Kellina, A. V. Inyakhina and R. I. Yastrebova: Trop. Dis. Bull. 63, 1187 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  262. A. A. Akoubyan and S. M. Mukhamedov: Trop. Dis. Bull. 65, 987 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  263. M. Restrespo and J. Velaquez: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67, 616 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  264. P. D. Marsden, C. C. Cuba, A. C. Barreto, R. N. Sampaio and R. A. Rocha: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 391 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  265. G. Gonzalez-Ochoa and M. O. Collado C.: Trop. Dis. Bull. 70, 732 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  266. A. S. Azab, M. S. Kamal, M. S. El Haggar, B. A. Metawaa and D. S. Hindawy: J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 9, 1007 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  267. A. Bassiouny, M. El Meshad, M. Talaat, K. Kutty and B. Metawaa: Brit. J. Dermatol. 107, 467 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  268. F. A. Neva, E. A. Petersen, R. Corsey, D. H. Bogaert and D. Martinez: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33, 800 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  269. E. A. Steck: The chemotherapy of Protozoal Diseases, Vols. I—IV, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Watter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C. (USA), 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  270. E. Solano, H. Hidalgo and R. Zeledon: Med. Cutan. Iber. Lat. Am. 12, 19 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  271. J. El-On, G. P. Jacobs, E. Witzum and C. L. Greenblatt: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 26, 745 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  272. J. El-On, G. P. Jacobs and L. Weinrauch: Parasitol Today 4, 76 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  273. W. Dutz, N. Agarval, M. Z. Bashardost, G. Bentley and C. O. Kindmark: Int. J. Dermatol. 26, 199 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  274. S. L. Croft: Pharm. Internat. 7, 229 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  275. C. R. Alving: Pharm. Ther. 22, 407 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  276. R. C. C. New, M. L. Chance and S. Heath: Antimicrob Chemother. 8, 371 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  277. J. R. Brown: Pharm. Internat. 4, 61 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  278. African Trypanosomiasis: WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 434 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  279. R. S. Rew: in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew, Plenum Press, New York, p. 129 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  280. F. Hawking: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 34, 37 (1940).

    Google Scholar 

  281. I. Rollo: in The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics eds. A. G. Gill-mann, L. S. Goodman and A. Gillman, MacMillan Publishing Co. New York, p. 1070 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  282. The African Trypanosomiasis: WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 635 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  283. B. Thylefors and A. Rolland: Bull. WHO, 57, 479 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  284. C. Chesterman: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18, 311 (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  285. E. M. Lourie and W. York: Am. Trop. Med. Parasit. 33, 289 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  286. F. Hawking in Experimental Chemotherapy, Vol. I, eds. R. J. Schnitzer and F. Hawking, Academic Press, New York, p. 129 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  287. L. Launoy, M. Guillot and H. Jonchere: Ann. Pharm. Fr. 18, 273 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  288. T. P. Waalkes, C. Denham and V. T. DeVita: Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 505 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  289. F. Hawking: in Tropical Medicine, 5th ed., eds. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Swartzwelder and D. F. Clyde, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 437 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  290. C. J. Bacchi, H. C. Nathan, S. H. Hunter, P. P. McCann and A. Sjoerdsma: Science 210, 332 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  291. P. P. McCann, C. J. Bacchi, S. L. Hanson, G. D. Cain, H. C. Nathan, S. H. Hunter and A. Sjoerdsma: Adv. Polyamine Res. (eds. C. M. Calderera, V. Zuppia and U. Bachrach, Raven Press, New York), 3, 97 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  292. H. Taelman et al.: Amer. J. Med. 82, 607 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  293. F. Doua et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 37, 525 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  294. J. Pepin et al.: Lancet 2, 1431 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  295. W. A. Jacobs and M. Heidelberger: J. Expt. Med. 30, 411 (1919).

    Google Scholar 

  296. L. Launoy and O. Fleury: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 30, 315 (1937).

    Google Scholar 

  297. E. A. H. Friedheim: Amer. J. Trop. Med. 29, 173 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  298. J. O. L. Arroz, R. F. P. Carmo and J. L. Neves: Trop. Dis. Bull. 70, 27 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  299. H. J. C. Watson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 113 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  300. F. Evans, K. Niemegreens and A. Packchanian: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 6, 665 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  301. F. I. C. Apted: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 54, 225 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  302. K. Adriaenssens: Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 1, 32 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  303. F. I. C. Apted: Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 391 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  304. A. B. Clarkson Jr., C. J. Bacchi, G. H. Mellow, H. C. Nathan, P. P. McCann and A. Sjoerdsma: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 5729 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  305. A. B. Clarkson Jr., E. J. Bienen, C. J. Bacchi, P. P. McCann, H. C. Nathan, S. H. Hunter and A. Sjoerdsma: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33, 1073 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  306. O. Dann, E. Hiecke, H. Hahn, H. H. Miserre, G. Lurding and R. Rosser: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 734, 23 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  307. O. Dann, G. Bergen, E. Demant and G. Volz: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 749, 68 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  308. O. Dann, G. Volz, E. Demant, W. Pfeifer, G. Bergen, H. Fick and E. Walkenhorst: Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1112 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  309. B. P. Das and D. W. Boykin: J. Med. Chem. 20, 531 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  310. B. P. Das, R. A. Wallace and D. W. Boykin Jr.: J. Med. Chem. 23, 578 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  311. F. W. Jennings: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 616 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  312. P. D. Marsden: in Medicine in the Tropics, ed. A. W. Woodruff, Churchill Livingstone, London, p. 91 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  313. A. C. Gomez Nunez, J. C. Gallimore, J. M. Fernandez and A. Gross: Acta Cient. Venez. 13, 46 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  314. F. Köberle: Bull WHO 42, 739 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  315. R. J. Earlam: Amer. J. Dig. Dis. 17, 559 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  316. S. Brener: Pharmacol. Ther. 7, 71 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  317. P. B. McGreevy and P. D. Marsden: in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases, eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew, Plenum Press, New York, p. 115 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  318. V. Macedo: in Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 16th ed., Eds. J. B. Wyngaarden and L. H. Smith, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 1728 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  319. D. M. James and H. M. Gilles: Human Antiparasitic Drugs: Pharmacology and Usage, John-Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 269 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  320. C. L. Bocca, T.: Bol. Chile Parasit. 24, 24 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  321. M. Rubio and F. Donoso: Bol. Chile Parasit. 24, 43 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  322. J. J. Fernandez, R. A. Cedillos and G. A. Godoy: Bol. Chile Parasit. 24, 51 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  323. J. A. Chichero, E. Segura and J. C. Quatrochi: Bol. Chile Parasit. 24, 59 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  324. H. Schenone, L. Coucha, R. Aranda, A. Rojas, F. Knierim and M. Roja: Bol. Chile Parasit. 27, 11 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  325. J. R. Cancado and Z. Brener, Terapeutica: in Trypanosoma cruzi: Doenca de Chagas, eds. Z. Brener and Z. Andrade, Guanabra Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, p. 362 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  326. J. R. Concado et al.: Bol. Chile Parasit. 24, 28 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  327. G. C. Levi and V. A. Amato: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo 13, 369 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  328. A. Rossi and H. D. Ferreira: Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 5, 235 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  329. T. Pizzi: Bol. Chile Parasit. 16, 35 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  330. E. Boainain: Rev. Goiana Med. 25, 1 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  331. A. R. L. Teixeira, E. Jabur, J. C. Cordoba, I. C. S. Maior and E. Solorzano: Rev. Soc. Brasil Med. Trop. 16, 11 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  332. L. S. Filardi and Z. Brener: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 76, 293 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  333. T. A. Maria, L. S. Filardi and Z. Brener: Rev. Soc. Brasil. Med. Trop. 17, 89 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  334. S. G. Andrade, R. C. Silva, C. M. G. Santiago and L. A. R. Freitas: Bull. WHO 65, 625 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  335. S. Gupta, S. Sharma and J. C. Katiyar: J. Sci. Industr. Res. 47, 602 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  336. J. C. Katiyar, S. Gupta and S. Sharma: Rev. Infect. Dis. 11, 638 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  337. P. A. J. Janssen: Prog. Drug. Res. 18, 191 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  338. C. K. Rao: J. Commun. Dis. 14, 206 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  339. J. C. Katiyar and P. K. Murthy: J. Sci. Industr. Res. 49, 112 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  340. F. Partono and J. H. Cross et al.: Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health 3, 366 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  341. a) B. A. Southgate: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68, 177 (1974); (b) D. T. Dennis, E. McConnell and G. B. White: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 25, 257 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  342. a) J. Z. Farooqui, R. P. Saxena, A. Tandon, V. K. Srivastava and K. C. Saxena: Indian J. Parasit. 3, 91 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  343. P. Kaliraj, S. N. Ghirnikar and B. C. Harinath: Curr. Sci. 46, 603 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  344. a) A. Tandon, P. K. Murthy, R. P. Saxena, A. B. Sen and K. C. Saxena: Indian J. Med. Res. 87, 429 (1988)

    Google Scholar 

  345. J. C. Katiyar, R. Chandra, P. K. Murthy, K. Tyagi and A. B. Sen: Indian J. Med. Res. 81, 465 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  346. R. G. Hamilton: Rev. Infect. Dis. 7, 837 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  347. A. A. Buck (ed.): Onchocerciasis-Symptomatology, pathology, diagnosis. WHO, Geneva, pp. 80 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  348. a) J. C. Mueller, D. W. Mitchell et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 22, 337 (1973); (b) P. G. Janssen: in ref. 2 p. 239 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  349. M. A. Ouaissi, L E. Kouemeni, I. D. Moutis, A. Hague and A. Capron: Medecine et Armee 10, 157 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  350. G. Edwards: Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 5, 192 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  351. S. Sharma: Prog. Drug Res. 30, 473 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  352. L. Rogers: Brit. Med. J. 1, 596 (1920).

    Google Scholar 

  353. J. T. Culbertson and H. M. Rose: J. Pharmacol. 81, 189 (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  354. J. T. Culbertson, Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 41, 18 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  355. J. T. Culbertson: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 50, 73 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  356. P. Sewell and F. Hawking: Brit. J. Pharmacol. 5, 239 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  357. G. F. Otto and T. H. Maren: Science 106, 105 (1947); Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 50, 39 (1948)

    Google Scholar 

  358. Amer. J. Hyg. 50, 92, 94, 121, 135 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  359. S. Kume: Amer. J. Vet. Res. 18,912 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  360. W. E. Kershaw and J. Williamson: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 46, 268 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  361. E. A. H. Friedheim: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56, 236 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  362. T. B. Panse: Bombay Technologists p. 53 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  363. F. Hawking: Prog. Drug. Res. 9, 191 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  364. J. A. McFadzean and F. Hawking: Brit. Med. J. 1, 956 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  365. G. F. Otto et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1, 470 (1952); 2, 495 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  366. L. L. Ashburn, T. A. Burch and F. J. Brady: Bol. Ofic. Sanit. Pan-Am. 28, 1107 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  367. E. A. H. Friedheim: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 56, 343, 387 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  368. D. D. McCarthy, E. Simpson and P. Robit: N. Z. Med. J. 61, 143 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  369. B. O. L. Duke: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60, 691 (1966); Bull. WHO 39, 157, 179 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  370. H. Fuglsang and J. Anderson: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 28, 439 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  371. D. G. Barranco: Rev. Invest. Salud. Pub. 37, 37 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  372. D. E. Abaru and J. E. McMohan: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 29, 175 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  373. M. S. Mallen, D. G. Barranco and J. J. Mendozo: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 65, 393 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  374. Satyavan Sharma

    Google Scholar 

  375. M. S. Mallen, D. G. Barranco and H. D. C. Moutes: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 13, 363 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  376. K. Awadzi and H. M. Gilles: Ann. Trop. Med. Hyg. 74, 199 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  377. M. Wanson: Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 30, 671 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  378. T. A. Burch and L. L. Ashburn: Amer. J. Trop. Med. 31, 617 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  379. J. W. R. Sarkies: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46, 435 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  380. M. J. Miller: Prog. Drug Res. 20, 433 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  381. F. Hawking: Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. 15, 289 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  382. B. O. L. Duke: Bull. WHO 39, 157 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  383. S. Sharma: Pharm. Res. 3, 75 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  384. R. I. Hewitt, E. White, S. Kushner, W. S. Wallace, H. W. Stewart and Y. Subbarow: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 50, 128 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  385. R. I. Hewitt, W. S. Wallace, E. White and Y. Subbarow: J. Lab. Clin. Med. 32, 1293 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  386. R. I. Hewitt, E. White, W. S. Wallace, H. W. Stewart, S. Kushner and Y. Subbarow: J. Lab. Clin. Med. 32, 1304 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  387. R. I. Hewitt, S. Kushner, H. W. Stewart, E. White, W. S. Wallace and Y. Subbarow: J. Lab. Clin. Med. 32, 1314 (1947).

    Google Scholar 

  388. F. Hawking: Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. 16, 129 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  389. World Health Organisation: WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 542 (1974); cited in ref. 371.

    Google Scholar 

  390. F. Hawking: Prog. Drug Res. 18, 173 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  391. B. S. Seo and J. W. Lee: Korean J. Parasit. 11, 1 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  392. F. Ciferri, N. Siliga, G. Long and J. F. Kessel: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 18, 369 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  393. B. S. Seo and K. Whang: Korean J. Parasit. 12, 21 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  394. R. M. Sundaram, N. K. Rao, S. K. Rao and C. K. Rao: J. Commun. Dis. 6, 290 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  395. J. L. K. Hii et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 582 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  396. F. Hawking and D. A. Denham: Trop. Dis. Bull. 73, 348 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  397. F. Hawking and R. J. Marques: Bull. WHO, 37, 405 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  398. A. Davis and D. R. Bailey: Bull. WHO 41, 195 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  399. A. B. Sen, R. Chandra, J. C. Katiyar and S. Chandra: Indian J. Med. Res. 62, 1181 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  400. P. C. Fan, Y. C. Wang, J. C. Liu and M. L. King: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 69, 515 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  401. E. A. Ottesen: WHO/FIL/84.174 p. 1–21 (1984), cited by D. A. Denham, in Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases. Eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew. Plenum Press, New York, p. 277 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  402. L. Mazotti: Rev. Inst. Sal. Enferm. Trop. 9, 235 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  403. B. O. L. Duke and J. Anderson: Trop. Doctor 2, 107 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  404. B. O. L. Duke: Internat. Symp. Onchocerciasis, Washington, p. 46 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  405. O. O. Kale: J. Helminthol. 53, 169 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  406. K. Awadzi and H. M. Gilles: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 74, 199 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  407. H. R. Taylor, M. E. Langham, E. M. de Stahl, L. N. Figueroa and F. Beltranena: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 31, 357 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  408. M. E. Langham, Z. D. Traube and R. Richardson: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 29, 156 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  409. A. P. Oomen: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 548 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  410. H. Fuglsand and J. Anderson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68, 72 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  411. H. Bonnin and G. F. Moretti: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 43, 279 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  412. D. A. Denham: in Chemotherapy of parasitic diseases. Eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew. Plenum Press, New York, p. 277 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  413. B. O. L. Duke: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 57, 82 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  414. C. F. Bartholomew, M. B. Nathan and E. S. Tikasingh: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 423 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  415. P. E. Adolph, I. G. Kagan and R. M. McQuay: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 11,76 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  416. A. P. Omen: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 548 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  417. H. Fuglsang and J. Anderson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68, 72 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  418. B. R. Jones: Trans Ophtalmol. Soc. U. K. 90, 299 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  419. C. G. B. Downie: J. R. Army Med. Corps. 112, 46 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  420. A. C. Bird, H. El-Seikh, J. Anderson and H. Fuglsang: Lancet 2, 46 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  421. H. O. Chlebowski and E. Zielke: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 31, 339 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  422. G. Laemmler, H. Herzog and H. R. Schuetze: Bull. WHO 44, 757 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  423. G. Laemmler: Pestic Sci. 8, 563 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  424. R. Saxena, S. Sharma, R. N. Iyer and N. Anand: J. Med. Chem. 14, 929 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  425. S. Sharma, R. Bindra, R. N. Iyer and N. Anand: J. Med. Chem. 18, 913 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  426. R. Rastogi, S. Sharma, N. Anand, N. Fatma, A. Dutta, R. K. Chatterjee and A. B. Sen: J. Helminthol. 58, 251 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  427. S. Sharma, S. K. Dubey, V. K. Agrawal, R. N. Iyer, N. Anand, R. K. Chat- terjee, S. Chandra and A. B. Sen: Indian J. Chem. 26B, 748 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  428. P. E. Thompson, J. B. Zeigler and J. W. McCall: Antimicrob. Agents Che-mother. 3, 693 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  429. V. P. Arya: Drugs of Future 5, 229 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  430. P. A. J. Janssen: Prog. Drug Res. 20, 347 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  431. M. Merlin, B. Carme, H. Kaeuffer and J. Laigret: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 69, 257 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  432. M. V. V. L. Narasimham, S. P. Roychowdhury, M. Das and C. K. Rao: Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Pub. Health 9, 571 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  433. J. E. McMahon: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 73, 465 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  434. H. G. Bernberg, V. de V. Clark and M. Gelfand: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 233 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  435. H. Vanden Bossche, F. Rochette and C. Honig: Adv. Pharmacol. Che-mother. 19, 67 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  436. S. Sharma and Syed Abuzar: Prog. Drug Res. 27, 85 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  437. W. C. Campbell and A. C. Cuckler: Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 27 (Suppl. 2), 665 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  438. L. Chantin, M. Merlin and J. Laigret: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 68, 198 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  439. K. Maertens and M. Wery: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69, 359 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  440. R. Rivas-Alcala, C. D. Mackenzie, E. Gomez-Rojo, B. M. Green and H. R. Taylor: Tropenmed. Parasitol. 35, 71 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  441. O. Kale: Z. Tropenmed. Parasit. 29, 63 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  442. A. R. Rivas-Alcala et al.: Lancet 2, 485 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  443. D. A. Denham, R. R. Suswillo and R. Rogers: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 546 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  444. I. V. Kerckhoven and V. Kumar: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 890 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  445. R. Dubey, S. Abuzar, S. Sharma, R. K. Chatterjee and J. C. Katiyar: J. Med. Chem. 28, 1748 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  446. S. Abuzar, S. Sharma, N. Fatma, S. Gupta, P. K. Murthy, J. C. Katiyar, R. K. Chatterjee and A. B. Sen: J. Med. Chem. 29, 1296 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  447. R. K. Chatterjee, N. Fatma, S. Abuzar and S. Sharma: Acta Trop. 36 (1989) (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  448. Satyavan Sharma

    Google Scholar 

  449. A. B. Reddy and D. Subrahmanyam: J. Commun. Dis. 18, 310 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  450. H. Zahner, H. P. Striebel, H. R. Schuetze, I. Sänger, H.-A. Müller and K. Schultheiss: Trop. Med. Parasit. 39, 14 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  451. S. Townson, A. Dobinson, C. Connelly and R. Muller: J. Helminth. 62, 181 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  452. H. P. Striebel: Experientia. 32, 457 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  453. H. J. Saz, G. A. Dunbar and E. Bueding: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 26, 574 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  454. I. Sanger, G. Lämmler and P. H. Wegenhof: Acta Tropica 27, 262 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  455. J. J. Jaffe and J. W. McCall: 4th Internat. Congr. Parasit. Warshaw, p. 31 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  456. W. C. Campbell, M. H. Fischer, E. O. Stapley, G. Allersschönberg and T. A. Jacobs: Science 221, 823 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  457. W. C. Campbell: Parasit. Today 1, 10 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  458. L. S. Blair and W. C. C. Campbell: Amer. J. Vet. Res. 40, 1031 (1979); J. Parasit. 64, 1032 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  459. J. W. McCall and W. C. Campbell: ASB Bull. 26, 43 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  460. T. R. Klei, B. J. Torbert and R. Ochoa: J. Parasit. 66, 43 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  461. S. Diallo et al.: Lancet 1, 1030 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  462. T. B. Nutman et al.: J. Infect. Dis. 156, 662 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  463. P. Vingtain et al.: Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. Fil. 81, 260 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  464. J. A. G. Whiteworth, D. Morgan, G. H. Mande and D. W. Taylor: Lancet 2, 97 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  465. H. R. Taylor et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40, 494 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  466. D. Richard-Lenoble et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39, 480 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  467. R. Muller: Adv. Parasit. 9, 73 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  468. R. Muller: Bull. WHO 57, 683 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  469. S. C. Sastry, Y. R. K. Rao and D. L. Narayana: Indian J. Med. Assoc. 62, 412 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  470. B. B. Gaitonde, D. M. Renapurkar, G. S. Ramchandani and M. V. Sant: Bull. Haffkin Inst. 2, 90 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  471. V. P. Sharma, H. S. Rathore and M. M. Sharma: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 28, 658 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  472. M. L. Kothari, D. S. Pardanani, L. Mehta, D. L. Kothari and M. P. Anand: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 63, 608 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  473. G. Raffier: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 160, 720 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  474. T. A. Morsy and M. S. Soliman: J. Kuwait Med. Assoc. 9, 165 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  475. O. O. Kale: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 68, 91 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  476. S. O. Oduntan, A. O. Lucas and H. M. Gilles: Lancet 2, 73 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  477. M. L. Kothari, D. S. Pardanani and M. P. Anand: Amer. J. Trop. Med. 17, 864 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  478. A. Z. Shafei: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 79, 197 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  479. B. B. Gaitonde, D. M. Renapurkar and V. H. Apte: Bull. Haffkin Inst. 7, 20 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  480. S. C. Sastry, J. K. Kumar and V. Lakshminarayan: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 32 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  481. F. Hawking: Trop. Dis. Bull. 53, 829 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  482. P. F. D’Arcy and D. W. G. Harron: Pharm. Internat. 4, 16 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  483. T. P. Pesign: World Med. J. 14, 18 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  484. N. Katz: Adv. Pharmacol. Chemother. 14, 1 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  485. M. G. Chen and K. E. Mott: Trop. Dis. Bull. 86, RI (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  486. M. A. Ghoneim, A. Ashmalla, M. A. Gaballa and E. I. Ibrahim: Brit. J. Urol. 57, 303 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  487. R. B. Gove: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64, 431 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  488. S. R. Smithers: Brit. Med. Bull. 28, 49 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  489. K. E. Mott and H. Dixon: Bull. WHO 60, 729 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  490. L. S. Qui, H. C. Xue, Y. X. Tao, Y. H. Zhang and Z. X. Zhu: J. Parasitol. Parasitic Dis. 1, 144 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  491. J. P. Rotmans: Acta Leidensia 49, 63 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  492. J. P. Rotmans and H. R. Deiwel: J. Immun. Methods 57, 87 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  493. J. P. Rotmans and B. A. A. Scheven: J. Immun. Methods 70, 53 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  494. J. K. Bennett and J. W. Depenbusch: in Parasitic Diseases Vol. 2: The Chemotherapy. Ed. J. M. Mansfield, Dekker, New York, pp. 73–131 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  495. W. C. Campbell and E. G. Garcia: in Chemotherapie of Parasitic Diseases, Eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew. Plenum Press, New York, p. 385 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  496. S. Sharma: Prog. Drug Res. 31, 9 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  497. A. Davis and D. R. Bailey: Bull. WHO 41, 209 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  498. M. Saif, M. Koura and F. Abdel-Fattah: J. Egypt. Med. Assoc. 56, 527 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  499. A. H. S. Omer and C. H. Teesdale: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 12, 145 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  500. K. Sato, M. Shimada et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 81 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  501. A. Elkholy, S. Boutros, F. Tamara, K. S. Warren and A. A. F. Mahmond: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33, 1170 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  502. P. R. Manson and S. A. Tswana: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 33, 599 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  503. C. H. King et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39, 295 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  504. W. Kikuth, R. Goennert and H. Mauss: Naturwissenschaften 33, 253 (1946).

    Google Scholar 

  505. R. Goennert: Bull WHO 25, 702 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  506. R. E. M. Lees: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 60, 233 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  507. R. Cavier and F. Hawking (eds): Chemotherapy of Helminthiasis, Vol. 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U. K., 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  508. W. Alves: Bull. WHO 18, 1109 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  509. D. M. Blair: Bull WHO 18, 989 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  510. V. de V. Clarke, D. M. Blair and M. C. Weber: Cent. Afr. J. Med. 15, 1 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  511. J. C. Maritz: South Afr. Med. J. 44, 126 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  512. J. A. Cook, L. Woodstock and P. Jordan: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23, 910 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  513. V. L. Ongom: Egypt. J. Bilh. 1, 209 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  514. A. D. Coutinho and V. S. Barreto: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo. 13, 57 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  515. A. S. Cunha, D. G. Carvalho, J. N. S. Cambraia and J. R. Concado: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo. 13, 131 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  516. E. Bueding: J. Toxicol. Envir. Health 1, 329 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  517. A. Yarinsky, H. P. Drobeck, H. Freele, J. Wiland and K. I. Gumaer: Toxic. Appl. Pharmac. 27, 169 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  518. S. H. Rogers and E. Bueding: Science 172, 1057 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  519. G. Raffier: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 160, 696 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  520. A. Abdallah and M. Saif: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 160, 686 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  521. H. H. Salem, Z. G. Hayaty, A. M. Awaness and G. Al-Allaf: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72, 137 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  522. A. Ruas: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 160, 930 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  523. F. Arfaa, I. Farahmandian and M. Soleimani: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 64, 130 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  524. R. A. Gulieve: Nauch. Issl. Inst. Med., Med. Kirova 56 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  525. Acta Tropica (various authors) 9 (suppl.) (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  526. H. E. Shazali, J. Kusel and A. Dirdery: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 229 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  527. M. E. Kilpatrick, N. A. El-Masry, S. Bassily and Z. Farid: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 1164 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  528. M. Yokogawa et al.: Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 160, 933 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  529. A. T. Santos, B. L. Blas, J. S. Nosenas and G. P. Portillo: J. Philipp. Med. Assoc. 47, 203 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  530. M. Yokogawa, M. Tsuji, K. Araki, T. Iijima, Y. Ito and T. Sasaki: Japan J. Parasit. 17, 175 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  531. P. G. Janssens et al.: Ann. Soc. Belge Med. Trop. 47, 455 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  532. M. Barbier: Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 62, 874 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  533. A. Abdallah, M. Saif, M. G. El-Mawla, F. Abdel-Fattah and I. M. Aly: J. Egypt. Med. Assoc. 51, 923 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  534. N. G. Nicholson and J. E. McMahon: Brit. Med. J. 2, 1261 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  535. S. R. Kanani, R. Knight and A. W. Woodruff: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 73, 162 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  536. H. P. Striebel: Experientia 42, 457 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  537. H. P. Striebel in: Advanced Pharmacology and Therapy, Ed. M. Adolphe, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p. 17 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  538. L. C. Silva et al.: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo. 16, 103 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  539. A. L. C. Dominiques and O. Continho: Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo. 17, 164 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  540. K. Taddese and Z. A. Zein: Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. 82, 175 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  541. C. H. Teesdale, L. Chitsulo and R. N. H. Pugh: East Afr. Med. J. 64, 40 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  542. H. Stokvis et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 35, 330 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  543. G. I. Higashi and Z. Favid: Brit. Med. J. 2, 830 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  544. U. Kranz: Drugs made in Germany 24, 39 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  545. H. Thomas and P. Andrews: Pestic. Sci. 8, 556 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  546. P. Andrews, H. Thomas, R. Pohlke and J. Seubert: Med. Res. Rev. 3, 147 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  547. Supplementary issue on praziquantel: Arzneim.-Forsch. 31 (3a), 535 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  548. E. Groll: Adv. Pharmac. Chemother. 20, 219 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  549. J. C. Katiyar and S. Gupta: J. Sci. Industr. Res. 43, 219 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  550. B. Gryseels, L. Nkulikyinka and M. H. Coosemans: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 641 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  551. M. M. A. Homeida et al.: Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 38, 496 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  552. M. Gelfand, E. T. Reid and B. E. Simpson: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 56, 77 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  553. H. Abd-Rabbo and M. Montasir: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 70, 117 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  554. H. H. Salem: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 59, 307 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  555. O. F. de Gouveia and D. Teixeira: Hospital Rio de Janeiro. 63, 639 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  556. R. Pieron, B. Lesobre, Y. Mafart and F. Lancastre: Med. Trop. 40, 302 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  557. H. Bella et al.: Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 31, 775 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  558. N. S. Al-Waili: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 81, 781 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  559. H. F. Farag, A. Salem, S. A. El-Hifini and M. Kandil: J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91, 240 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  560. S. H. Lee: Arzneim.-Forsch. 34, 1227 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  561. S. Sorumani et al.: Arzneim.-Forsch. 34, 1231 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  562. M. Yokogawa: Arzneim.-Forsch. 34, 1193 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  563. R. H. Grothaus and D. E. Weidhaas: in Tropical Medicine Eds. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Swartzwelder and D. F. Clyde, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 783 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  564. R. F. Smith: Bull. WHO 48, 685 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  565. Biological control of Vectors: WHO Report (TDR/AR(5)/81, 10-BCV, Geneva. Cited by P. Nickel: Pharm. Internat. 4, 38 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  566. G. W. Ivine and L. D. Rowe: in Chemotherapy of parasitic diseases. Eds. W. C. Campbell and R. S. Rew. Plenum Press, New York, p. 507 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  567. E. A. Malek: in Tropical Medicine. Eds. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Swartzwelder and D. F. Clyde, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 672 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  568. S. Ram: Prog. Med. Chem. (Ed. G. P. Ellis and G. B. West, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam) 25, 233 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  569. Various authors: Parasitology Today, 6, 106–136 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  570. W. C. Campbell (ed.): Ivermectin and Abamectin, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  571. W. Raether: in Parasitology in Focus. Facts and Trends. Ed. H. Mehlhorn. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  572. K. Wessely et al.: Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 743 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  573. L. Loutan et al.: Lancet 2, (8659), 383 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  574. A. Mukherjee, M. Seth and A. P. Bhaduri: Prog. Drug Res. 34, 447 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Springer Basel AG

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sharma, S. (1990). Vector-borne diseases. In: Jucker, E. (eds) Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques. Progress in Drug Research, vol 35. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7133-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7133-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7135-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7133-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics