Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens

  • Chapter
Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques

  • 57 Accesses

Abstract

Ideally the end result may differ, but there are similarities between the metabolic pathways of chemical carcinogens and drugs, for both are xenobiotics or foreign substances. Furthermore, certain drugs may increase the risk of a possible carcinogenic effect after long-term administration. In these cases judicious consideration of the risk versus the benefit to the patient is necessary. Drugs more likely to bear this hazard are those used to treat neoplastic or autoimmune diseases, situations where the benefit outweighs future risks. An early example of this type drag was chlornaphazine which eventually led to bladder tumors in the patients, understandable because of its 2-naphthylamine skeleton [1]. Chlornaphazine and other alkylating compounds represent primary or reactive carcinogens which can interact with cellular constituents as such (fig. 1) [2]. Despite the presence of alkylating groups in the widely used cyclophosphamide, this drug apparently does not react as such. Metabolism through 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide affords phosphoramide mustard [3, 4] which can form adducts with nucleosides [5]. Thus the cyclophosphamide metabolites act as transport forms of the ultimate cytotoxic metabolite [4].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. C.C. Harris: Cancer 37, 1014 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. A. Miller and E.C. Miller: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 47, v (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  3. M. Jarman, R.A.V. Milsted, J.F. Smyth, R.W. Kinas, K. Pankiewicz and W. J. Stec: Cancer Res. 39, 2762 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  4. B.E. Domeyer and N.E. Sladek: Cancer Res. 40, 174 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  5. J.R. Mehta, M. Przybylski and D.B. Ludlum: Cancer Res. 40, 4183 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  6. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monograph on ‘Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man’, vol. 13. IARC, Lyon, France, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  7. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monograph on ‘Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man’, vol. 24. IARC, Lyon, France, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  8. E.K. Weisburger: Environ. Sci. technol. 13, 278 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  9. H. V. Gelboin: Physiol. Rev. 60, 1107 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  10. J.N. Pitts, Jr., D.M. Lokensgard, P.S. Ripley, K.A. Van Cauwenberghe, L. Van Vaeck, S.D. Shaffer, A.J. Thill and W.L. Belser, Jr.: Science 210, 1347 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  11. N. Nemoto and H. V. Gelboin: Biochem. Pharmac. 25, 1221 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  12. N. Nemoto and S. Takayama: Biochem. Pharmac. 26, 679 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  13. D.M. Jerina: Products, specificity, and assay of glutathione-S-transferase with epoxide substrates. In: Glutathione, Metabolism and Function, p. 267. Ed. I.M. Arias and W.B. Jacoby. Raven, New York 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  14. G.F. Strniste, E. Martinez, A.M. Martinez and R. J. Brake: Cancer Res. 40, 245 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  15. T. Kakefuda and H. Yamamoto: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 415 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  16. K.M. Straub, T. Meehan, A.L. Burlingame and M. Calvin: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5285 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  17. B. Singer: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 62, 1329 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  18. L.L. Yang, V.M. Maher and J.J. McCormick: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 5933 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  19. E. Bresnick, T.A. Stoming, J.B. Vaught, D.R. Thakker and D.M. Jerina: Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 183, 31 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  20. E. Bresnick: Cancer 45, 1047 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  21. F. Guengerich: J. biol. Chem. 252, 3970 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  22. A. Brunstrom and M. Ingelman-Sundberg: Biochem. biophys. Res. Com- mun. 95, 431 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  23. K. Kawajiri, H. Yonekawa, N. Harada, M. Noshiro, T. Omura and Y. Tagashira: Cancer Res. 40, 1652 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  24. L.K.T. Lam, A.V. Fladmoe, J.B. Hoehalter and L.W. Wattenberg: Cancer Res. 40, 2824 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  25. L.W. Wattenberg, J.B. Coccia and L.K.T. Lam: Cancer Res. 40, 2820 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Rossi, J.S. Cantrell, A.J. Farber, T. Dyott, H.L. Carrell and J.P. Glusker: Cancer Res. 40, 211A (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  27. S. Lesko, W. Caspary, R. Lorentzen and P.O.P. T’so: Biochemistry 14, 3978 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  28. E. Cavalieri, R. Roth and E.G. Rogan: Metabolic activation of aromatic hydrocarbons by one-electron oxidation in relation to the mechanism of tumor formation. In: Carcinogenesis, vol.1, p. 181. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry, Metabolism and Carcinogenesis. Ed. R.I. Freudenthal and P. W. Jones. Raven, New York 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  29. J. W. Flesher and K. L. Sydnor: Int. J. Cancer 11, 433 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  30. A. Pullman and B. Pullman: Adv. Cancer Res. 3, 117 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  31. A.W. Wood, W. Levin, A.Y.H. Lu, D. Ryan, S.B. West, R.E. Lehr, M. Schaefer-Ridder, D.M. Jerina and A.H. Conney: Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 72, 680 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  32. W. Levin, D.R. Thakker, A.W. Wood, R.L. Chang, R.E. Lehr, D.M. Jerina and A.H. Conney: Cancer Res. 38, 1705 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  33. M.K. Buening, W. Levin, J.M. Karle, H. Yagi, D.M. Jerina and A.H. Conney: Cancer Res. 39, 5063 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  34. T.J. Slaga, G.L. Gleason, G. Mills, L. Ewald, P.P. Fu, H.M. Lee and R.G. Harvey: Cancer Res. 40, 1981 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  35. W. Levin, A.W. Wood, R.L. Chang, Y. Ittah, M. Croisy-Delcey, H. Yagi, D.M. Jerina and A.H. Conney: Cancer Res. 40, 3910 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  36. E.K. Weisburger: Ann. Rev. Pharmac. Toxic. 18, 395 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  37. C.S. Cooper, O. Ribeiro, A. Hewer, C. Walsh, K. Pal, P.L. Grover and P. Sims: Carcinogenesis 1, 233 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  38. C.A.H. Bigger, J.E. Tomaszewski, A. Dipple and R.S. Lake: Science 209, 503 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  39. H.R. Glatt, R. Billings, K.L. Piatt and F. Oesch: Cancer Res. 41, 270 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  40. G.N. Wogan and R.S. Pong: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 174, 623 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  41. B.B. Wray and A.W. Hayes: Environ. Res. 22, 400 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  42. G.N. Wogan: Assessment of exposure to aflatoxins. In: Host Environment Interactions in the Etiology of Cancer in Man, p. 237. Eds. R. Doll and I. Vodopija. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  43. G.N. Wogan: Metabolism and biochemical effects of aflatoxins. In: Aflatoxin, Scientific Background, Control, and Implications, p. 151. Ed. L. A. Goldblatt. Academic Press, New York 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  44. G.N. Wogan: Ann. Rev. Pharmac. 15, 437 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  45. T.C. Campbell and J.R. Hayes: Toxic, appl. Pharmac. 35, 199 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  46. T.C. Campbell, R.O. Sinnhuber, D.J. Lee, J.H. Wales and L. Salamat: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 52, 1647 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  47. H.L. Gurtoo and R.P. Dahms: Biochem. Pharmac. 28, 3441 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  48. A.S. Salhab and G.S. Edwards: Cancer Res. 37, 1016 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Z. A. Wong, G.M. Decad, J.L. Byard and D.P. Hsieh: Fd Cosmet. Toxic, i 7, 481 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  50. B.D. Roebuck, W.G. Siegel and G. N. Wogan: Cancer Res. 38, 999 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  51. D.H. Swenson, J. A. Miller and E.C. Miller: Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun. 53, 1260 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  52. R. C. Garner, FEBS Lett. 36, 261 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  53. D.H. Swenson, J.-K. Lin, E.C. Miller and J. A. Miller: Cancer Res. 37, 172 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  54. J.-K. Lin, K.A. Kennan, E.C. Miller and J.A. Miller: Cancer Res. 38, 2424 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  55. A.E.M. McLean and A. Marshall: Br. J. exp. Path. 52, 322 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  56. L. W. Wattenberg: Adv. Cancer Res. 26, 197 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  57. G.S. Stoewsand, J.B. Babish and H.C. Wimberly: J. Environ. Path. Toxic. 2, 399 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  58. C.H. Degen and H.-G. Neumann: Chem.-Biol. Interact. 22, 239 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  59. G.M. Decad, K.K. Dougherty, D. P.H. Hsieh and J. L. Byard: Toxic, appl. Pharmac. 50, 429 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  60. J.-K. Lin, J. A. Miller and E.C. Miller: Cancer Res. 37, 4430 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  61. J.M. Essigmann, R.G. Croy, A.M. Nadzan, W.F. Busby, Jr., V. N. Reinhold, G. Biichi and G.N. Wogan: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 1870 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  62. R.G. Croy and G.N. Wogan: Cancer Res. 41, 197 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  63. H. Autrup, J.M. Essigmann, R.G. Croy, B.F. Trump, G.N. Wogan and C. C. Harris: Cancer Res. 39, 694 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  64. P.J. Hertzog, J.R.L. Smith and R.C. Garner: Carcinogenesis 1, 787 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  65. W.K. Lutz, W. Jaggi, J. Luthy, P. Sagelsdorff and C. Schlatter: Chem.- Biol. Interact. 32, 249 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  66. J.M. Essigmann, P.R. Donahue, D.L. Story, G. N. Wogan and H. Brunen- graber: Cancer Res. 40, 4085 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  67. K. D. Mainigi and S. Sorof: Cancer Res. 37, 4304 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  68. J.D. Groopman, W.F. Busby, Jr., and G.N. Wogan: Cancer Res. 40, 4343 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  69. O. Bulay, K. Patel, R. Wilson and P Shubik: Cancer Res. 39, 4996 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  70. J.L. Blumer, A. Friedman, L.W. Meyer E. Fairchild, L.T. Webster, Jr., and W.T. Speck: Cancer Res. 40, 4599 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  71. J.H. Weisburger and E.K. Weisburger: Pharmac. Rev. 25, 1 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  72. E.K. Weisburger: N-2-Fluorenylacetamide and derivatives. In: Carcino-gens in Industry and the Environment, p.583. Ed. J.M. Sontag. Marcel Dekker, New York 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  73. I.C. Calder, D.E. Goss, P.J. Williams, C.C. Funder, C.R. Green, K. N. Ham and J.D. Tange: Pathology 8, 1 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  74. E. C. Miller, F. F. Kadlubar, J. A. Miller, H. C. Pitot and N. R. Drinkwater: Cancer Res. 39, 3411 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  75. C. Razzouk, M. Mercier and M. Roberfroid: Xenobiotica 10, 565 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  76. D. W. Nebert and N.M. Jensen: CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 6, 401 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  77. E.F. Johnson, D.S. Levitt, U. Muller-Eberhard and S.S. Thorgeirsson: Cancer Res. 40, 4456 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  78. C. Razzouk, M. Mercier and M. Roberfroid: Cancer Res. 40, 3540 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  79. J.H.N. Meerman, A.B.D. van Doom and G. J. Mulder: Cancer Res. 40, 3772 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  80. C.M. King, N.R. Traub, Z.M. Lortz and M.R. Thissen: Cancer Res. 39, 3369 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  81. C.E. Weeks, W.T. Allaben, N.M. Tresp, S.C. Louie, E. J. Lazear and C.M. King: Cancer Res. 40, 1204 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  82. F. A. Beland, W.T. Allaben and F. E. Evans: Cancer Res. 40, 834 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  83. D.L. Reigh, M. Stuart and R. A. Floyd: Experientia 34, 107 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  84. F. A. Beland: Chem.-Biol. Interact. 22, 329 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  85. F.F. Kadlubar, J. A. Miller and E.C. Miller: Cancer Res. 38, 3628 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  86. F.F. Kadlubar, L.E. Unruh, F.A. Beland, K.M. Straub and F. E. Evans: Carcinogenesis 1, 139 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  87. W.G. Tarpley, J.A. Miller and E.C. Miller: Cancer Res. 40, 2493 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  88. E. Kriek and J.G. Westra: Metabolic activation of aromatic amines and amides and interactions with nucleic acids. In: Chemical Carcinogens and DNA, vol. II, p. 1. Ed. P.L. Grover. CRC Press, Boca Raton 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  89. M.S. Wortzman, H. J. Besbris and A.M. Cohen: Cancer Res. 40, 2670 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  90. J.D. Scribner and G. Koponen: Chem.-Biol. Interact. 28, 201 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  91. R.H. Heflich, R.M. Hazard, L. Lommel, J.D. Scribner, V.M. Maher and J.J. McCormick: Chem.-Biol. Interact. 29, 43 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  92. K.C. Morton, F.A. Beland, F.E. Evans, N.F. Fullerton and F.F. Kadlubar: Cancer Res. 40, 751 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  93. T.Y. Zenser, M.B. Mattamal, H.J. Armbrecht and B.B. Davis, Cancer Res. 40, 2839 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  94. J.L. Radomski, W.L. Hearn, T. Radomski, H. Moreno and W. E. Scott: Cancer Res. 37, 1757 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  95. R.P. Evarts and C. A. Brown: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 65, 197 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  96. M. Ruchirawat, P.H. Grantham, T. Benjamin and E.K. Weisburger: Biochem. Pharmac., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  97. E. Dybing, T. Aune and S.D. Nelson: Biochem. Pharmac. 28, 51 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  98. G.B. Corcoran, J.R. Mitchell, Y.N. Vaishnov and E.C. Horning: Molec. Pharmac. 18, 536 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  99. P.H. Grantham, N.-B. Giao, L.C. Mohan, T. Benjamin, P.P. Roller and E.K. Weisburger: Europ. J. Cancer 12, 227 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  100. R.L. Koch, B.B. Beaulieu, Jr., E.J.T. Crystal and P. Goldman: Science 211, 398 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  101. G.J. Smith, V. S. Ohl and G. Litwack: Cancer Res. 40, 1787 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  102. D. Malejka-Giganti, R.C. Mclver and R.E. Rydell: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 64, 1471 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  103. G.R. Blackburn, J.P. Andrews, K.V.K. Rao and S. Sorof: Cancer Res. 40, 4688 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  104. P.N. Magee: Fd Cosmet. Toxic. 9, 207 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  105. P.N. Magee, R. Montesano and R. Preussmann: N-Nitroso compounds and related compounds. In: Chemical Carcinogenesis, p.491. Ed. C.E. Searle. Am. Chem. Soc. Monograph 173, Washington, D.C., 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  106. D. Y. Lai and J.C. Arcos: Life Sci. 27, 2149 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  107. M.B. Kroeger-Koepke and C. J. Michejda: Cancer Res. 39, 1587 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  108. M.H. Mostafa, M. Ruchirawat and E.K. Weisburger: Biochem. Pharmac., 30, 2007 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  109. J.J. Herman, J.M. Rice, M. L. Wenk and P.P. Roller: Cancer Res. 39, 1462 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  110. P. Kleihues, G. Doerjer, L.K. Keefer, J.M. Rice, P.P. Roller and R.M. Hodgson: Cancer Res. 39, 5136 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  111. I.R. Rowland, B.G. Lake, J.C. Phillips and S.D. Gangolli: Mutat. Res. 72, 63 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  112. M. Mochizuki, C.C. Irving, T. Anjo, Y. Wakabayashi, E. Suzuki and M. Okada: Cancer Res. 40, 162 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  113. A. E. Pegg and B. Balog: Cancer Res. 39, 5003 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  114. C. C. Irving, A. J. Tice and W. M. Murphy: Cancer Res. 39, 3040 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  115. D.C. Herron and R.C. Shank: Cancer Res. 40, 3116 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  116. J.M. Heal, PA. Fox, D. Doukas and P.S. Schein: Cancer Res. 38, 1070 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  117. H.E. May, S.J. Kohlhepp, R.B. Boose and D. J. Reed: Cancer Res. 39, 762 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  118. S.S. Mirvish, A. Cardesa, L. Wallace and P. Shubik: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 55, 633 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  119. S.S. Singer: J. org. Chem. 43, 4612 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  120. S.-K. Chang, G.W. Harrington, M. Rothstein, W.A. Shergalis, D. Swern and S.K. Vohra: Cancer Res. 39, 3871 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  121. E.S. Fiala, G. Bobotas, C. Kulakis and J.H. Weisburger: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 56, 1271 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  122. E.S. Fiala, G. Bobotas, C. Kulakis and J.H. Weisburger: J. Chromat. 117, 181 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  123. E.S. Fiala, C. Kulakis, G. Christiansen and J.H. Weisburger: Cancer Res. 38, 4515 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  124. A. Feinberg and M. S. Zedeck: Cancer Res. 40, 4446 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  125. E.S. Fiala, G. Bobotas, C. Kulakis, L.W. Wattenberg and J.H. Weisburger: Biochem. Pharmac. 26, 1763 (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  126. N.K. Clapp, N.D. Bowles, L.C. Satterfield and W.C. Klima: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 63, 1081 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  127. L. W. Wattenberg and V. L. Sparnins: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 63, 219 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  128. M. G. Cook and P. McNamara: Cancer Res. 40, 1329 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  129. J. A. Swenberg, H.K. Cooper, J. Bücheler and P. Kleihues: Cancer Res. 39, 465 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  130. D.L. Dunn, R. A. Lubet and R. A. Prough: Cancer Res. 39, 4555 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  131. P. Wiebkin and R. A. Prough: Cancer Res. 40, 3524 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  132. S. Banerjee and B. L. Van Duuren: Cancer Res. 38, 776 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  133. F. Zajdela, A. Croisy, A. Barbin, C. Malaveille, L. Tomatis and H. Bartsch: Cancer Res. 40, 352 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  134. M. Ikeda, Y. Miyake, M. Ogata and S. Ohmori: Biochem. Pharmac. 29, 2983 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  135. D.L. Hill, T.-W. Shih, T.P. Johnson and R.F. Struck: Cancer Res. 38, 2438 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  136. W.M. Kluwe and J.B. Hook: Fed. Proc. 39, 3129 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  137. H. Shah, S.P. Hartman and S. Weinhouse: Cancer Res. 39, 3942 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  138. M.I. Diaz Gomez and J. A. Castro: Toxic, appi. Pharmac. 56, 199 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  139. G.M. Williams: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 349, 273 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  140. P. Borchert, P.G. Wislocki, J. A. Miller and E.C. Miller: Cancer Res. 33, 575 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  141. N.R. Drinkwater, E.C. Miller, J. A. Miller and H.C. Pilot: J. natn. Cancer Inst. 57, 1323 (1976).

    Google Scholar 

  142. D.H. Phillips, J. A. Miller, E.C. Miller and B. Adams: Cancer Res. 41, 176 (1981).

    Google Scholar 

  143. S. S. Mirvish: Adv. Cancer Res. 11, 1 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  144. R.S. Yamamoto, J.H. Weisburger and E.K. Weisburger: Cancer Res. 31, 483 (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  145. G. A. Dahl, J.A. Miller and E.C. Miller: Cancer Res. 38, 3793 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  146. A.N. Kotake and Y. Funae: Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 6473 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

  147. W. Lijinsky, M.D. Reuber and B.-N. Blackwell: Science 209, 817 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention, National Cancer Institute Bethesda, Maryland, 20205, USA

    Elizabeth K. Weisburger

Authors
  1. Elizabeth K. Weisburger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Basel, Switzerland

    Ernst Jucker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weisburger, E.K. (1982). Metabolic activation of chemical carcinogens. In: Jucker, E. (eds) Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques. Progress in Drug Research / Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung / Progrès des recherches pharmaceutiques, vol 26. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7111-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7111-2_4

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7113-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7111-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation