Abstract
The principal objective of gene transfer therapy in cancer patients, as it is with chemo- or radiotherapy, is to kill the target (tumor) cells. This contrasts with the gene therapy of most other diseases in which the aim is both to preserve the target cells and to correct the underlying genetic defects which are responsible for the relevant pathology [1]. Although efforts directed at classical genetic correction of cancer cells, using tumor suppressor gene replacement or antisense strategies, have shown some encouraging results in animal models [2, 3], even these ultimately seek to promote cell death, for example by the induction of apoptosis [4].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, W. E (1992) Hum. Gene Ther. Science 256: 808–813.
Fujiwara, T., Grimm, E. A. and Roth, J. A. (1994) Gene Therapeutics and Gene Therapy for Cancer. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 6: 96–105.
Mercola, D. and Cohen, J. S. (1995) Antisense approaches to cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Therapy 2: 47–59.
Liu, T. -J. et al. (1995) Apoptosis Induction Mediated by Wild-Type p53 Adenoviral Gene Transfer in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck’. Cancer Res. 55: 3117–3122.
Vile, R. G. and Russell, S. J. (1994) Gene transfer technologies for the gene therapy of cancer. Gene Therapy 1: 88–98.
Pardoll, D. M. (1995) Paracrine Cytokine Adjuvants in Cancer Immunotherapy. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13: 399–415.
Moolten, F. L. (1994) Drug sensitivity (“suicide”) genes for selective cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 1: 279–287.
Wagner, M. J., Sharp, J. A. and Summers, W. C. (1981) Nucleotide sequence of the thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 1441–1445.
Elion, G. B. The biochemistry and mechanism of action of acyclovir. Antimicrob. Chemother. 12: 9–17 (1983)
Nishiyama, Y. and Rapp, E (1979) Anticellular efects of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethl) gguanine against herpes simplex virus-transformed cells. Gen. Virol. 45: 227–230.
Balzarini, J., De Clercq, E., Verbruggen, A., Ayusawa, D. and Seno, T. (1985) Highly selective cytostatic activity of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2’-deoxxyuridine derivatives for murine mammary carcinoma (FM3A) cells transformed with the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene. Mol. Pharmacol. 28: 581–587.
Huber, B. E., Richards, C. A. and Krenitsky, T. A. (1991) Retroviral-mediated gene therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: An innovative approach for cancer therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8039–8043.
Reid, R., Eng-Chung, M., Eng-Shang, H. and Topal, M. D. (1988) Insertion and extension of acyclic, dideoxy, and ara nucleotides by herpesvirdae, human alpha and human beta polymerases. J. Biol. Chem. 263: 3898–3904.
Freeman, S. M. et al. (1993) The “bystander effect”: tumor regression when a fraction of the tumor mass is genetically modified. Cancer Res. 53: 5274–5283.
Samejima, Y. and Meruelo, D. (1995) `Bystander killing’ induces apoptosis and is inhibited by forskolin. Gene Ther. 2: 50–58.
Wyllie, A. H. (1993) Apoptosis (The 1992 Frank Rose Memorial Lecture). Brit. J. Cancer 67: 205–208.
Stewart, B. W. (1994) Mechanisms of Apoptosis: Integration of Genetic, Biochemical, and Cellular Indicators. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 86: 1287–1293.
Kaneko, Y. and A., T. (1995) Gene therapy of hepatoma: bystander effects and non-apoptotic cell death induced by thymidine kinase and ganciclovir. Cancer Lett. 96: 105–110.
Lowe, S. W., Schmitt, E. M., Smith, S. W., Osborne, B. A. and Jacks, T. (1993) p53 is required for radiation-induced apoptosis in mouse thymocytes. Nature 362: 847–849.
Fisher, D. E. (1994) Apoptosis in Cancer Therapy: Crossing the Threshold. Cell 78: 539–542.
Wigler, E. A. (1977) Transfer of purified herpes virus thymidine kinase gene to cultured mouse cells. Cell 11: 223–232.
Moolten, E L. (1986) Tumor chemosensitivity conferred by inserted Herpes thymidine kinase genes: Paradigm for a prospective cancer control strategy. Cancer Res. 46, 5276.
Moolten, E L. and Wells, J. M. (1990) Curability of tumors bearing Herpes Thymidine Kinase genes transferred by retroviral vectors. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 82: 297–300.
Jolly, D. (1994) Viral vector systems for gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 1: 51–64.
Crystal, R. G. (1995) Transfer of genes to humans: early lessons and obstacles to success. Science 270: 404–410.
Miller, N. and Vile, R. G. (1995) Targeted vectors for gene therapy. FASEB J. 9: 190–199.
Vile, R. G. (1994) Tumor specific gene expression. Seminars in Cancer Biology 5: 429–436.
Vile, R. G. and Hart, I. R. (1993) Use of tissue-specific expression of the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase gene to inhibit growth of established murine melanomas following direct intratumoral injection of DNA. Cancer Res. 53: 3860–3864.
Vile, R. G., Nelson, J. A., Castleden, S. C., Chong, H. and Hart, I. R. (1994) Systemic gene therapy of murine melanoma using tissue specific expression of the HSVtk gene involves an immune component. Cancer Res. 54: 6228–6234.
Culver, K. W. et al. (1992) In vivo gene transfer with retroviral vector-producer cells for treatment of experimental brain tumors. Science 256: 1550–1552.
Short, M. P. et al. (1990) Gene delivery to glioma cells in rat brain by grafting of a retro-virus packaging cell line. J. Neurosci. Res. 27: 427–439.
Chen, S. -H., Shine, H. D., Goodman, J. C., Grosman, R. G. (1994) Gene therapy for brain tumors: Regression of experimental gliomas by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3054–3057.
Roy Smythe, W. et al. (1994) Use of recombinant adenovirus to transfer the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene to thoracic neoplasms: an effective in vitro drug sensitisation system. Cancer Res. 54: 2055–2059.
Vile, R. G. and Russell, S. J. (1995) Retroviruses as vectors. Brit. Med. Bull. 51: 12–30.
Bi, W. L., Parysek, L. M., Warnick, R. and Stambrook, P. J. (1993) In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the bystander effect observed with HSV tk retro-viral gene therapy. Hum. Gene Ther. 4: 725–731.
Hooper, M. L. and Subak-Sharpe, J. H. (1981) Metabolic cooperation between cells. Int. Rev. Cytol. 69: 45–104.
Pitts, J. D. (1994) Cancer gene therapy: a bystander effect using the gap junctional pathway. Molec. Carcinogen. 11: 127–130.
Colombo, M. B. et al. (1995) Retroviral transduction of the connexin 43 gene increases the efficacy of `suicide’ gene transfer in malignant gliomas. Gene Ther. 2 Si, 80.
Marini III, F. C., Nelson, J. A. and Lapeyre, J. -N. (1995) Assessment of bystander effect potency produced by intratumoral implantation of HSVtk-expressing cells using surrogate marker secretion to monitor tumor growth kinetics. Gene Ther. 2: 655–659.
Smythe, W. R., Hwang, H. C. and Amin, K. J. et al. (1994) Use of recombinant adenovirus to transfer the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene to thoracic neoplasms: an effective in vitro drug sensitization system. Cancer Res. 54: 2055–2059.
Ram, Z., Culver, K. W., Walbridge, S., Blaese, R. M. and Oldfield, E. H. (1993) In situ retroviral mediated gene transfer for the treatment of brain tumors in rats. Cancer Res. 53: 83–88.
Ram, Z. et al. (1993) Toxicity studies of retroviral-mediated gene transfer for the treatment of brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 79: 400–407.
Tapscott, S. J., Miller, A. D., Olson, J. M. and Berger, M. S. (1994) Gene therapy of rat 9L gliosarcoma tumors by transduction with slectable genes does not require drug selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 8185–8189.
Culver, K. W. and Blaese, R. M. (1994) Gene therapy for cancer. Trends Genet. 10: 174–178.
Oldfield, E. H. et al. (1993) Clinical Protocol: Gene therapy for the treatment of brain tumors using intra-tumoral transduction with the thymidine kinase gene and intravenous ganciclovir. Hum. Gene Ther. 4: 39–69.
Ram, Z. e. a. (1995) Summary of results and conclusions of the Gene Ther. apy of malignant brain tumors: clincal study. J. Neurosurg 82, 343A.
Chen, S. H. et al. (1995) Combination gene therapy for liver metastasis of colon carcinoma in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 2577–2581.
Hurford, J. R. K., Dranoff, G., Mulligan, R. C. and Tepper, R. I. (1995) Gene therapy of metastatic cancer by in vivo retroviral gene targeting. Nat. Genet. 10: 430–435.
Freeman, S. M., McCune, C., Angel, C., Abraham, G. N. and Abboud, C. N. (1992) Treatment of ovarian cancer using HSV-TK gene modified vaccine-regulatory issues. Hum. Gene Ther. 3: 342–349.
Whartenby, K. A., Abboud, C. N., Marrogi, A. J., Ramesh, R. and Freeman, S. M. The biology of cancer gene therapy. Lab. Investig. 72, 131–145 (1995)
Freeman, S. M., Ramesh, R., Marrogi, A. J., Jensen, A. and Abboud, C. N. (1994) In vivo studies on the mechanism of the bystander effect. Cancer Gene Ther. 1, 326.
Nabel, G. J. et al. (1992) Clinical Protocol: Immunotherapy of malignancy by in vivo gene transfer into tumors. Hum. Gene Ther. 3: 399–410.
Caruso, M. et al. (1993) Regression of established macroscopic liver metastases after in situ transduction of a suicide gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 7024–7028.
Barba, D., Hardin, J., Sadelain, M. and Gage, F. H. (1994) Development of anti tumor immunity following thymidine kinase-mediated killing of experimental brain tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 4348–4352.
55. Vile, R. G., Chong, H. C. and Dorudi, S. (1996) Immunosurveillance of cancer: specific and non-specific mechanisms. In:Dalgleish, A. G., Browning, M. J. (eds), Tumor Immunology. Cambridge University Press, pp. 7–38; in press.
Mullen, C. A., Coale, M. M., Lowe, R. and Blaese, R. M. (1994) Tumors expressing the cytosine deaminase suicide gene can be eliminated in vivo with 5-fluorocytosine and induce protective immunity to wild type tumor. Cancer Res. 54: 1503–1506.
Consalvo, M. et al. (1995) 5-fluorocytosine-induced eradication of murine adenocarcinomas engineered to express the cytosine deaminase suicide gene requires host immune competence and leaves an efficient memory. J. Immunol. 154: 5302–5312.
Cavallo, E. et al. (1992) Role of neutrophils and CD4+ T lymphocytes in the primary and memory response to non immunogenic murine mammary adenocarcinoma made immunogenic by IL-2 gene transfer. J. Immunol. 149: 3627–3635.
Colombo, M. P. and Forni, G. (1994) Cytokine gene transfer in tumor inhibition and tumor therapy: where are we now? Immunol. Today 15: 48–51.
Dranoff, G. et al. (1993) Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete murine granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 3539–3543.
Huang, A. Y. C. et al. (1994) Role of bone marrow derived cells in presenting MHC Class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 264: 961–965.
Raychaudhuri, S. and Morrow, W. J. W. (1993) Can soluble antigens induce CD8+ cytotoxic T cell responses? A paradox revisited. Immunol. Today 14: 344–348.
Udono, H., Levey, D. L. and Srivastava, P. K. (1994) Cellular requirements for tumor-specific immunity elicited by heat shock proteins: tumor rejection antigen gp96 primes CD8+ T cells in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 3077–3081.
Hellstrom, K. E., Hellstrom, I. and Chen, L. (1995) Can co-stimulated tumor immunity be therapeutically efficacious? Immunol. Rev. 145: 123–145.
Pardoll, D. M. Cancer vaccines. Immunol. Today 14, 310–316. (1993)
Grabbe, S., Beissert, S., Schwarz, T. and Granstein, R. D. (1995) Dendritic cells as initiators of tumor immune responses: a possible strategy for tumor immunotherapy? Immunol. Today 16: 117–121.
Golumbek, P. T. et al. (1992) Herpes simplex-1 virus thyumidine kinase gene is unable to completely eliminate live, nonimmunogenic tumor cell vaccines. J. Immunother. 12: 224–230.
Moolten, F., Wells, J. M. and P. J., M. (1992) Multiple transuction as a means of preserving ganciclovir chemosensitivity in sarcoma cells carrying retrovirally transduced herpes thymidine kinase genes. Cancer Lett. 64: 257–263.
Moolten, E L., Wells, J. M., Heyman, R. A. and Evans, R. M. (1990) Lymphoma regression induced by ganciclovir in mice bearing a herpes thymidine kinase transgene. Hum. Gene Ther. 1: 125–134.
Cool, V. et al. (1995) The bystander effect associated to HSVtk gene transfer is absent in intracerebral tumors and seems to be mainly immune mediated in subcutaneous tumors. Gene Ther. 2 Si, 84.
Chong, H. c., Castleden, S., Diaz, R. M., Hart, I. R. and Vile, R. G. (1995) Combination Gene Therapies for the immunotherapy of cancer. Gene Ther. 2 51, 80.
Ram, Z. et al. (1994) In vivo transfer of the human interleukin-2 gene: negative tumoricidal results in experimental brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 80: 535–540.
Dropulic, B. and Jeang, K. T. (1994) Gene therapy for human immunodeficiency virus infection: genetic antiviral strategies and targets for intervention. Hum. Gene Ther. 5: 927–939.
Guzman, R. J., Hirschowitz, E. A., Brody, S. L., Crystal, R. G., Epstein, S. E. and Finkel, T. (1994) In vivo suppression of injury-induced vascular smooth muscle cell accumulation using adenovirus-mediated transfer of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 10732–10736.
Ohno, T., Gordon, D., San H., Pompili, V. J., Imperiale, M. J., Nabel, G. J. and Nabel, E. G. (1994) Gene Therapy for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell proliferation After Arterial Injury. Science 265: 781–784.
Tiberghien, P., Reynolds, C. W. and Keller, J. et al. (1994) Ganciclovir tratment of herpes simplex thymidine kinase-transduced primary T lymphocytes: an approach for specific in vivo donor T-cell depletion after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 84: 1333–1341.
Lupton, S. D., Bruton, L. L., Kalberg, V. A. and Overell, R. W. (1991) Dominant positive and negative selection using a hygromcyin phosphotransferase-thymidine kinase fusion gene. Mol. Cell Biol. 11: 3374–3378.
Moolten, F. L. and Cupples, L. A. (1992) A model for predicting the risk of cancer consequent to retroviral gene therapy. Hum. Gene Ther. 3: 479–486.
Moolten, F. L. (1990) Mosaicism produced by gene insertion as a means of improving chemotherapeutic selectivity. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 10: 203–233.
Russell, S. J. (1994) Replicating vectors for cancer therapy: a question of strategy. Sem. Cancer Biol. 5: 437–443.
Black, M. E. and Loeb, L. A. (1993) Creation of HSV-1 thymidine kinase mutants for gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 1 (Suppl. 1): 2.
Black, M. E. and Loeb, L. A. (1993) Identification of important residues within the putative nucleoside binding site of HSV-1 thymidine kinase by random sequence selection: analysis of selected mutants in vitro. Biochemistry 32: 11618–11626.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Birkhäuser Verlag Basel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Vile, R.G. (1999). Thymidine Kinases. In: Blankenstein, T. (eds) Gene Therapy. Birkhäuser Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7011-5_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7011-5_16
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-7013-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-7011-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive