Abstract
The choice of the method of isolation of carotenoids from natural sources is mainly determined by the nature of the biological material, the ease of solvent extraction and the properties and relative quantities of the carotenoids present. In practice the particular experience of the research worker may often be the deciding factor in devising the isolation procedure.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
H.H. Strain, Leaf Xanthophylls (Carnegie Institute Publication No. 490, Washington 1938).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Carotenoids (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1950).
T. W. Goodwin, in Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, ed. by K. Peach and M. V. Tracey (Springer, Heidelberg 1955), p. 273.
B. H. Davies, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, ed. by T. W. Goodwin (Academic Press, London 1965), p. 489.
S. Liaaen-Jensen and A. Jensen, Progr. Chem. Fats Other Lipids 8, 129 (1965).
S. Liaaen-Jensen and A. Jensen, Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation, in Methods Enzymol., in the press (1971).
V.H. Booth, Carotene: Its Determination in Biological Materials (Heffer, Cambridge 1957).
R. Willstätter and A. Stoll, Untersuchungen über Chlorophyll, Methoden und Ergebnisse (Springer, Berlin 1913).
A. Haug and B. Larsen, Norw. Inst. Seaweed Res. Report No. 16 (Akademisk Trykningssentral, Oslo 1957).
V.H. Booth, Analyst 84, 464 (1959).
A. Hager, in Papierchromatographie in der Botanik, ed. by H. F. Lindskens (Springer, Heidelberg 1959), p. 218.
H.H. Strain, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 63, 3448 (1941).
D.L. Fox, V.E. Smith, R.W. Grigg and W.D. MacLead, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28, 1103 (1969).
M.P. Starr and S. Saperstein, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 43, 157 (1953).
R.M. Baxter, Can. J. Microbiol. 6, 417 (1960).
S. Norgård, A. J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 2183 (1970).
A. J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 19, 1843 (1965).
A.L. Curl, J. Agr. Food Chem. 1, 456 (1953).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, J. Agr. Food Chem. 2, 685 (1954).
C.R. Thompson, A.L. Curl and E.M. Bickoff, Anal Chem. 31, 838 (1959).
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 27, 171 (1962).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, J. Agr. Food Chem. 4, 156 (1956).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, Food Res. 22, 63 (1957).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, Food Res. 22, 323 (1957).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 605 (1957).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, Food Technol. 13, 394 (1959).
A.L. Curl, Food Res. 24, 413 (1959).
A.L. Curl, Food Res. 25, 670 (1960).
A.L. Curl, Food Res. 25, 190 (1960).
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 26, 106 (1961).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, J. Food Sci. 26, 422 (1961).
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 27, 537 (1962).
A.L. Curl, J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 504 (1962).
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 28, 623 (1963).
M. Tswett, Proc. Warsaw Soc. Natur. Sci. Biol. Sect. 14, 6 (1903).
R. Kuhn and E. Lederer, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 64, 1349 (1931).
R. Kuhn, A. Winterstein and E. Lederer, Hoppe-Seylef’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 197, 141 (1931).
H. H. Strain, Chloroplast Pigments and Chromatographie Analysis (Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 1958).
A. Jensen, Norw. Inst. Seaweed Res. Report No. 31 (Tapir, Trondheim 1966).
E. Nicoară, G. Illyes, M. Şuteu and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 12, 547 (1967).
S. Hertzberg, S. Liaaen-Jensen, C.R. Enzell and G.W. Francis, Acta Chem. Scand 23, 3290 (1969).
E. Lederer and M. Lederer, Chromatography, a Review of Principles and Applications (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1957).
E. Heftmann, Chromatography (Reinhold, New York 1961).
H.H. Strain and W. A. Svec, Advan. Chromatogr. 8, 120 (1969).
C.K. Miller, D. Steffenson, H.D. Frame and H.H. Strain, Anal. Chem. 35, 93 (1963).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 8, 1259 (1969).
H. Brockmann and H. Schodder, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 74, 73 (1941).
H.H. Strain, Anal. Chem. 33, 1733 (1961).
H.H. Strain, J. Sherma and M. Grandolfo, Anal. Biochem. 24, 54 (1968).
A.E. Purcell, Anal. Chem. 30, 1049 (1958).
J.M. Anderson, U. Blass and M. Calvin, in Comparative Biochemistry of Photoreactive Systems, ed. by M.B. Allen (Academic Press, London 1960), p.215.
E. Stahl, Chemiker-Zeitung 82, 323 (1958).
E. Stahl (ed.), Dünnschichtchromatographie: Ein Laboratoriums-Handbuch (Springer, Berlin 1962).
E. Stahl, H. R. Bolliger and L. Lehnert, Wiss. Veröff. Deut. Ges. Ernähr. 9, 129 (1963).
E.G. Wollisch, M. Schmall and M. Hawrylyshyn, Anal. Chem. 33, 1138 (1961).
J.M. Bobbit, Thin Layer Chromatography (Reinhold, New York 1963).
H. R. Bolliger and A. König, in Thin Layer Chromatography. A Laboratory Handbook, ed. by E. Stahl, 2nd Ed. (Springer, Heidelberg 1969), p. 266.
H. R. Bolliger, A. König and U. Schwieter, Chimia (Switz.) 18, 136 (1964).
K. Egger, Planta (Berlin) 58, 664 (1962).
K. Egger, Chromatographiesymposium 2 (Brussels 1962), p. 75.
K. Egger and H. Voigt, Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 53, 64 (1965).
H. Nitsche and K. Egger, Phytochem. 8, 1577 (1969).
J.S. Bunt, Nature 203, 1261 (1964).
B. Colman and W. Vishniac, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 82, 616 (1964).
L. W. Smith, R. W. Breidenbach and D. Rubenstein, Science 148, 508 (1965).
H. Kleinig and K. Egger, Phytochem. 6, 611 (1967).
K. Egger, Ber. Deut. Botan. Ges. 77, 10 (1964).
K. Egger and U. Schwenker, Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 54, 407 (1966).
K. Egger and H. Kleinig, Phytochem. 6, 437 (1967).
K. Egger, Z. Naturforsch. B 23, 733 (1968).
H. Kleinig and H. Nitsche, Phytochem. 7, 1171 (1968).
B.H. Davies, T.W. Goodwin and E.I. Mercer, Biochem. J. 81, 40P (1961).
B.H. Davies, D. Jones and T.W. Goodwin, Biochem. J. 87, 326 (1963).
A. Winterstein and B. Hegedüs, Chimia (Switz.) 14, 18 (1960).
E. Stahl (ed.), Thin Layer Chromatography. A Laboratory Handbook, 2nd Ed. (Springer, Heidelberg 1969).
K. Randerath, Thin Layer Chromatography (Academic Press, New York 1963).
U. Schwieter, H. R. Bolliger, L. Chopard-dit-Jean, G. Englert, M. Kofler, A. König, C. v. Planta, R. Rüegg, W. Vetter and O. Isler, Chimia (Switz.) 19, 294 (1965).
T. Hiyama, M. Nishimura and B. Chance, Anal. Biochem. 29, 339 (1969).
O. Isler, R. Rüegg and P. Schudel, Chimia (Switz.) 15, 208 (1961).
J. Sherma and G. Zweig, J. Chromatogr. 31, 589 (1967).
B.W. Nichols, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 70, 417 (1963).
K.H. Schaltegger, J. Chromatogr. 19, 75 (1965).
H. Rai and G.F. Lee, Anal. Chem. 36, 2208 (1964).
H.A.W. Schneider, J. Chromatogr. 21, 448 (1966).
M. Kelly, S. Norgård and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 2169 (1970).
Z. Šesták, J. Chromatogr. 1, 293 (1958).
A. Jensen, Wiss. Veröff. Deut. Ges. Ernähr. 9, 119 (1963).
L. Rutter, Nature 161, 435 (1948).
A. Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 14, 2051 (1960).
A. Jensen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 1863 (1959).
A. Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 1259 (1959).
S.W. Jeffrey, Biochem. J. 80, 336 (1961).
H.H. Strain, J. Sherma, F.L. Benton and J. J. Katz, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 109, 1 (1965).
H.H. Strain, J. Sherma, F.L. Benton and J.J. Katz, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 109, 16 (1965).
H.H. Strain, J. Sherma, F.L. Benton and J.J. Katz, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 109, 23 (1965).
H.H. Strain, J. Phys. Chem. 57, 638 (1953).
G. Nunez, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 36, 411 (1954).
J. Spiteri and G. Nunez, C. R. Acad. Sci. 234, 2603 (1952).
V.H. Booth, Biochem. J. 84, 444 (1962).
B.H. Davies and T. W. Goodwin, Biochem. J. 73, 10 P (1959).
R. Entschel, C.H. Eugster and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 1263 (1956).
N.F. Holyer and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Ind. 1955, 1219.
D. V. Shah, D.H. Feldbruegge, A.R. Houser and J. W. Porter, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 127, 124 (1968).
J. W. Porter, Pure Appl. Chem. 20, 449 (1969).
A. J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 1970 (1966).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Kgl. Norske Videnskab. Selskabs Skrifter 1962, No. 8.
L. Zechmeister, Cis-trans Isomeric Carotenoids, Vitamins A and Arylpolyenes (Springer, Vienna 1962).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 1562 (1964).
F. J. Petracek and L. Zechmeister, Anal. Chem. 28, 1484 (1956).
N. Krinsky, Anal. Biochem. 6, 293 (1963).
N.I. Krinsky and H.M. Lenhoff, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 16, 189 (1965).
M.S. Bamji and N.I. Krinsky, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 115, 276 (1966).
T.R. Ricketts, Phytochem. 5, 571 (1966).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Pure Appl. Chem. 20, 421 (1969).
C. Bodea, E. Nicoară, G. Illyes and M. Şuteu, Rev. Roumaine Biochim. 3, 153 (1966).
E. Nicoară, M. Şuteu and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 12, 1029 (1967).
R. Kuhn and N.A. Sørensen, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 71, 1879 (1938).
D.F. Cheesman, Proc. Roy. Soc, Ser. B 149, 571 (1958).
D.F. Cheesman and J. Prebble, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 17, 929 (1966).
W.L. Lee, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 19, 13 (1966).
H. v. Euler and H. Hellström, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 223, 89 (1934).
R. Kuhn and H. Kühn, Eur. J. Biochem. 2, 349 (1967).
W. P. Jencks and B. Buten, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 107, 511 (1964).
N.A. Sørensen, S. Liaaen-Jensen, B. Børdalen, A. Haug, C.R. Enzell and G. W. Francis, Acta Chem. Scand. 22, 344 (1968).
D. F. Cheesman, W. L. Lee and P. F. Zagalsky, Biol. Rev. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 42, 131 (1967).
W. J. Rabourn and F. W. Quackenbush, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 61, 111 (1956).
L. Zechmeister and P. Tuzson, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 62, 2226 (1929).
R. Pummerer, L. Rebmann and W. Reindel, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 62, 1411 (1929).
M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 30, 979 (1957).
W. Lijinsky and L. Zechmeister, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 52, 358 (1954).
R. Kuhn and E.F. Möller, Z. Angew. Chem. 47, 145 (1934).
M.S. Barber, L.M. Jackman, C.K. Warren and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. 1961, 4019.
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 961 (1967).
H. Lindlar, Helv. Chim. Acta 35, 446 (1952).
O. Isler, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, R. Rüegg and P. Zeller, Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 249 (1956).
P. Zeller, F. Bader, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, P. Müller, R. Rüegg, G. Ryser, G. Saucy, S.F. Schaeren, U. Schwieter, K. Stricker, R. Tamm, P. Zürcher and O. Isler, Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 841 (1959).
P. Karrer, R. Morf and O. Walker, Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 975 (1933).
L. Cholnoky and J. Szabolcs, Experientia 16, 483 (1960).
R. Kuhn and H. Roth, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 1285 (1932).
L. Zechmeister and W. A. Schroeder, Arch. Biochem. 1, 231 (1943).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 842 (1959).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, S. Hertzberg, O.B. Weeks and U. Schwieter, Acta Chem. Scand. 22, 1171 (1968).
M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 31, 51 (1958).
F. Arcamone, B. Camerino, E. Cotta G. Franceschi, A. Grein, S. Penco and C. Spalla, Experientia 25, 241 (1969).
F.G. Torto and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Ind. 1955, 1219.
R. Bonnett, A.K. Mallams, A.A. Spark, J.L. Tee, B.C.L. Weedon and A. McCormick, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 429.
R. Kuhn and H. Roth, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 1274 (1933).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 266 (1947).
T.E. Kargl and F. W. Quackenbush, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 88, 59 (1960).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 8, 1281 (1969).
N. Arpin, G. W. Francis, S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem., to be published.
J. Hora, T. P. Toube and B. C. L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1970, 241.
S. Liaaen and N. A. Sørensen, Proc. 2nd Internat. Seaweed Symp. (Pergamon, London 1956), p. 25.
K. Egger, A.G. Dabbagh and H. Nitsche, Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 2995.
H. Nitsche, K. Egger and A.G. Dabbagh, Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 2999.
C. Bodea, Pure Appl. Chem. 20, 517 (1969).
H. Roth, Mikrochemie 11, 140 (1932).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 828 (1933).
J.D. Surmatis and A. Ofner, J. Org. Chem. 28, 2735 (1963).
A. Jensen, unpublished results.
M. B. Hursthouse, Proc. 2nd Internat. Symp. Carotenoids, Las Cruces, 1969.
A. McCormick and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 1989 (1966).
M. Kelly and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 2578 (1967).
S. Norgård and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 23, 1463 (1969).
R. Kuhn, E. Lederer and A. Deutsch, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 220, 229 (1933).
G. Nybraaten and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, 370 (1971).
P. Karrer and T. Takahashi, Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 1163 (1933).
R. Kuhn, H. Trischmann and I. Löw, Angew. Chem. 67, 32 (1955).
R. Kuhn, H.H. Baer and A. Seeliger, Ann. Chem. 611, 236 (1958).
F. J. Petracek and L. Zechmeister, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 78, 1427 (1956).
L. Curl, Food Res. 21, 689 (1956).
S. Liaaen-Jensen and S. Hertzberg, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 1703 (1966).
J. Szabolcs and A. Rónai, Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 61, 301 (1969).
M.S. Barber, L.M. Jackman, C.K. Warren and B.C.L. Weedon, Proc. Chem. Soc. 1960, 19.
L. Cholnoky, J. Szabolcs, R.D.G. Cooper and B. C. L. Weedon, Tetrahedron Letters 1963, 1257.
R. Entschel and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 43, 89 (1960).
B.C.L. Weedon, in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, ed. by T.W. Goodwin (Academic Press, London 1965), p. 75.
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ann. Chem. 516, 95, esp. 120 (1935).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 1319 (1933).
C.K. Warren and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. 1958, 3972.
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 19, 1166 (1965).
A. P. Leftwick and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Commun. 1967, 49.
R. Kuhn, A. Winterstein and W. Wiegand, Helv. Chim. Acta 11, 716 (1928).
A. J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 2185 (1967).
J. Attenburrow, A.F.B. Cameron, J.H. Chapman, R.H. Evans, B.A. Hems, A.B. A. Jansen and T. Walker, J. Chem. Soc. 1952, 1094.
O. Isler, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, R. Rüegg and P. Zeller, Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 449 (1956).
C. Bodea, E. Nicoară and T. Salontai, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 9, 517 (1964).
K. Nakagawa, R. Konaka and T. Nakata, J. Org. Chem. 27, 1597 (1962).
M. Fetizon and M. Golfier, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C 267, 900 (1968).
M. Kelly, S. Andresen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, in the press (1971).
P. Karrer and E. Leumann, Helv. Chim. Acta 34, 445 (1951).
R. Entschel and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 402 (1958).
T.W. Goodwin, D.G. Land and M.E. Sissins, Biochem. J. 64, 486 (1956).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 17, 489 (1963).
A.J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 811 (1966).
L. Ryvarden and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 643 (1964).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, E. Hegge and L.M. Jackman, Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 1703 (1964).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 17, 500 (1963).
G. Fredriksen, Graduation work (Norwegian Institute of Technology, Trondheim 1964).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 6, 1119 (1967).
K. Aitzetmüller, H.H. Strain, W.A. Svec, M. Grandolfo and J.J. Katz, Phytochem. 8, 1761 (1969).
G. W. Francis and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 2705 (1970).
C.R. Enzell and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, 271 (1971).
N. Arpin and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 8, 185 (1969).
H. Roth, Pregl-Roth Quantitative Organische Mikroanalyse, 7th Ed. (Springer, Vienna 1958).
N. Arpin, Les Caroténoïdes des Discomycètes: Essai Chimiotaxinomique (Université de Lyon, 1968).
N. Arpin, J. L. Fiasson, M. P. Dangye-Caye, G.W. Francis and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 10, in the press (1971).
N. Arpin and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 6, 995 (1967).
N. Arpin and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 49, 527 (1967).
N.G. Gaylord, Reduction with Complex Metal Hydrides (Interscience, New York 1956).
R.L. Augustine, Reduction (Marcel Dekker, New York 1968), p. 60.
H. Yokoyama and M. J. White, Phytochem. 7, 1031 (1968).
A.J. Aasen, G.W. Francis and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 23, 2605 (1969).
E. Nicoară, G. Illyes, M. Suteu and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 12, 547 (1967).
P. Karrer and H. Hübner, Helv. Chim. Acta 19, 474 (1936).
R. Kuhn and P. J. Drumm, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 1458 (1932).
R. Kuhn, P. J. Drumm, M. Hoffer and E.F. Möller, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 1785 (1932).
L.M. Jackman and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 1403 (1964).
H. Wahlbaum and A. Rosenthal, J. Prakt. Chem. 124, 55 (1929).
R. Kuhn and C. Grundmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 1880 (1932).
I. T. Millar and H. D. Springall, Sidgwick’s Organic Chemistry of Nitrogen (Clarendon, Oxford 1966), Chapter 9.
I. M. Heilbron and B. Lythgoe, J. Chem. Soc. 1936, 1376.
J. Tischer, Hoppe-Seylef’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 260, 257 (1939).
P. Karrer and L. Loewe, Helv. Chim. Acta 17, 745 (1934).
P. Karrer and J. Rutschmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 29, 355 (1946).
P. Karrer, U. Solmssen and W. Gugelmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 20, 1020 (1937).
H. Thommen, Internat. Z. Vitaminforsch. 37, 175 (1967).
R. Kuhn and A. Deutsch, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 883 (1933)
R. Kuhn, A. Winterstein and H. Roth, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 64, 333 (1931).
P. Karrer and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 19, 3 (1936).
G. Britton and T. W. Goodwin, Phytochem. 8, 2257 (1969).
P. Karrer, Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. 5, 1 (1948).
K. Tsukida and M. Yokota, Vitamins (Japan) 38, 135 (1968).
K. Tsukida and M. Yokota, Vitamins (Japan) 32, 227 (1965).
H. Y. Yamamoto, C.O. Chichester and T.O.M. Nakayama, Anal Chem. 33, 1792 (1961).
H. Y. Yamamoto, G. Go and J.L. Chang, Anal. Biochem. 12, 344 (1965).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 29, 229 (1946).
A.L. Curl and G.F. Bailey, J. Agr. Food Chem. 9, 403 (1961).
H.H. Strain, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 48, 458 (1954).
K. Tsukida and L. Zechmeister, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 74, 408 (1958).
J.B. Davis, in Rodd’s Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, ed. by S. Coffey, 2nd Ed., Vol. II B (Elsevier, Amsterdam 1968), p. 231.
B. Monties and C. Costes, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C 266, 481 (1968).
L. Cholnoky, K. Györgyfy, J. Szabolcs and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Commun. 1966, 404.
L. Cholnoky, J. Szabolcs and G. Tóth, Ann. Chem. 708, 218 (1967).
E.C. Grob and W. Siekmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 48, 1199 (1965).
B. P. Schimmer and N. I. Krinsky, Biochemistry 5, 3649 (1966).
L. Cholnoky, K. Györgyfy, A. Rónai, J. Szabolcs, G. Tóth, G. Galasko, A. K. Mallams, E.S. Waight and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 1256.
L. Bartlett, W. Klyne, W.P. Mose, P.M. Scopes, G. Galasko, A.K. Mallams, B.C.L. Weedon, J. Szabolcs and G. Tóth, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 2527.
K. Aitzetmüller, W. A. Svec, J. J. Katz and H.H. Strain, Chem. Commun. 1968, 32.
L. Jaeger and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 46, 683 (1963).
J.F. McGhie, W. A. Ross, F.J. Julietti, G. Swift, G. Usher, N.M. Waldron and B.E. Grimwood, Chem. Ind. 1964, 460.
K. Tsukida, J. Vitaminol. (Kyoto) 13, 98 (1967).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 15 (1967).
G. W. Francis, S. Hertzberg, K. Andersen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 9, 629 (1970).
R. Bentley, Methods Enzymol. 1, 340 (1955).
E. Hemmer and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 3019 (1970).
P.F. Smith, J. Gen. Microbiol. 32, 307 (1963).
J. Prebble, J. Gen. Microbiol. 52, 15 (1968).
T.J. Painter, Chem. Ind. 1960, 1214.
L. Wallcave and L. Zechmeister, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 4495 (1953).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 17, 303 (1963).
L. Cholnoky and J. Szabolcs, Naturwiss. 19, 513 (1957).
S. Norgård, G.W. Francis, A. Jensen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 1460 (1970).
L. Zechmeister, Fortschr. Chem. Org. Naturst. 15, 31 (1958).
B. K. Koe and L. Zechmeister, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 41, 236 (1952).
L. Zechmeister and B.K. Koe, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 2923 (1954).
P. Karrer and J. Rutschmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 793 (1945).
L. Zechmeister and L. Wallcave, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 75, 4493 (1953).
G. Karmakar and L. Zechmeister, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 77, 55 (1955).
E.N. Petzold, F. W. Quackenbush and M. McQuistan, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82, 117 (1959).
H. Faigle and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 1261 (1961).
G.W. Francis, R. R. Upadhyay, S. Liaaen-Jensen and P. Karrer, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 3053 (1970).
C. Bodea, V. Tămas and G. Neamţu, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 11, 739 (1966).
C. Bodea, G. Neamţu and V. Tamaş, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 11, 1123 (1966).
C. Bodea, V. Tămaš and G. Neamţu, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 10, 893 (1965).
C. Bodea, G. Neamţu and V. Tămaş, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 12, 701 (1967).
V. Tămaş and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 12, 1517 (1967).
V. Tămaş, and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 14, 959 (1969).
C. Bodea and V. Tămaş, Angew. Chem. 73, 532 (1961).
C. Bodea and V. Tămaş, Ann. Chem. 671, 57 (1964).
T.E. DeVille, M. B. Hursthouse, S.W. Russell and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Commun. 1969, 754.
S.W. Russell and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Commun. 1969, 85.
C. Bodea, E. Nicoară and T. Salontai, Ann. Chem. 648, 147 (1961).
W. V. Bush and L. Zechmeister, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80, 2991 (1958).
A. J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 970 (1967).
F. J. Petracek and L. Zechmeister, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 61, 137 (1956).
J.B. Davis, L.M. Jackman, P.T. Siddons and B.C.L. Weedon, Proc. Chem. Soc. 1961, 261
R. Holzel, A. P. Leftwick and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Commun. 1969, 128.
R. Entschel and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 466 (1959).
T. W. Goodwin, The Comparative Biochemistry of the Carotenoids, 2nd Ed. in preparation (Chapman and Hall, London).
J.B. Davis, L.M. Jackman, P.T. Siddons and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1966, 2154.
W. J. Rabourn, Abstr. 132nd Meet. Amer. Chem. Soc, 88 C (1957).
B.H. Davies, E. A. Holmes, D.E. Loeber, T. P. Toube and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 1266.
F.T. Haxo, Arch. Biochem. 20, 400 (1949).
C.H. Eugster, E. Linner, A.H. Trivedi and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 690 (1956).
H.C. Malhotra, G. Britton and T.W. Goodwin, Chem. Commun. 1970, 127.
R. Rüegg, U. Schwieter, G. Ryser, P. Schudel and O. Isler, Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 994 (1961).
B.C.L. Weedon, Pure Appl. Chem. 14, 265 (1966).
A. Winterstein, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 219, 249 (1933).
P.S. Manchand, R. Rüegg, U. Schwieter, P.T. Siddons and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. 1965, 2019.
E. Lederer, C. R. Acad. Sci. 197, 1694 (1933).
T.W. Goodwin, Biochem. J. 51, 458 (1952).
H.H. Strain and W.M. Manning, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 2258 (1943).
D. J. Chapman and F.T. Haxo, Plant Cell Physiol. 4, 57 (1963).
P. Karrer and C.H. Eugster, Helv. Chim. Acta 33, 1433 (1950).
C. Tscharner, C.H. Eugster and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 32 (1958).
O. Isler, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, R. Rüegg and P. Zeller, Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 214 (1956).
F.H. Foppen and O. Gribanovsky-Sassu, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 176, 357 (1969).
M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 30, 111 (1957).
M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 31, 739 (1958).
M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 32, 1171 (1959).
M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 33, 1560 (1960).
M.C. Khosla and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 43, 453 (1960).
R.D.G. Cooper, J.B. Davis and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. 1963, 5637.
C. Grundmann and Y. Takeda, Naturwiss. 25, 27 (1937).
S. Liaaen-Jensen and B.C.L. Weedon, Naturwiss. 51, 482 (1964).
N. Okukado and M. Yamaguchi, Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 38, 1043 (1965).
R. Bonnett, A.A. Spark and B.C.L. Weedon, Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 1739 (1964).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 19, 1025 (1965).
B. C. L. Weedon, Rev. Pure Appl. Chem. (Australia) 20, 51 (1970).
D.J. Chapman, Phytochem. 5, 1331 (1966).
A.K. Mallams, E.S. Waight, B.C.L. Weedon, D.J. Chapman, F.T. Haxo, T.W. Goodwin and D.M. Thomas, Chem. Commun. 1967, 301.
E. Lederer, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 20, 567 (1938).
S.A. Campbell, A. K. Mallams, E.S. Waigth, B. C. L. Weedon, M. Barbier, E. Lederer and A. Salaque, Chem. Commun. 1967, 941.
H.H. Strain, W.M. Manning and G. Hardin, Biol. Bull. 86, 169 (1944).
H.H. Strain, F.L. Benton, M.C. Grandolfo, K. Aitzetmüller, W.A. Svec and J.J. Katz, Phytochem. 9, 2561 (1970).
G. W. Francis, R. R. Upadhyay and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 3050 (1970).
R. Willstätter and H. J. Page, Ann. Chem. 404, 237 (1914).
A. Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 1728 (1966).
E. Lederer, C. R. Acad. Sci. 201, 300 (1935).
G. Galasko, J. Hora, P.T. Toube, B. C. L. Weedon, D. André, M. Barbier, E. Lederer and V.R. Villanueva, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 1264.
L. Cholnoky, C. Györgyfy, E. Nagy and M. Pánczél, Nature 178, 410 (1956).
A. K. Mallams, E.S. Waight, B. C. L. Weedon, L. Cholnoky, K. Györgyfy, J. Szabolcs, N.I. Krinsky, B. P. Schimmer, C. O. Chichester, T. Katayama, L. Lowry and H. Yokoyama, Chem Commun. 1967, 484.
B.P. Schimmer and N.I. Krinsky, Biochemistry 5, 1814 (1966).
T.H. Goldsmith and N.I. Krinsky, Nature 188, 491 (1960).
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 30, 426 (1965).
H.V. Donohue, L.K. Lowry, C.O. Chichester and H. Yokoyama, Chem. Commun. 1966, 807.
J.D. Surmatis, A. Ofner, J. Gibas and R. Thommen, J. Org. Chem. 31, 186 (1966).
K. Tsukida and M. Yokota, Vitamins (Japan) 38, 396 (1968).
K. Tsukida, M. Yokota, H. Shimamoto and S. Cho, Vitamins (Japan) 38, 388 (1968).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, in Biochemistry of the Terpenoids, ed. by T. W. Goodwin (Academic Press, London 1971).
A.L. Curl, J. Agric. Food Chem. 8, 356 (1960).
M. Lippert, C.H. Eugster and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 38, 638 (1955).
E. Jucker, Angew. Chem. 71, 253 (1959).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 427 (1945).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 27, 1695 (1944).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 536 (1947).
A. L. Curl and G. F. Bailey, J. Food Sci. 26, 442 (1961).
H. v. Euler, P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 1159 (1947).
P. Karrer, E. Jucker and K. Steinlin, Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 531 (1947).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 300 (1945).
P. Karrer and J. Rutschmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 27, 1684 (1944).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 28, 471 (1945).
C.H. Eugster and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 40, 69 (1957).
K. Egger, Planta (Berlin) 80, 65 (1968).
C.H. Eugster, private communication.
V.H. Booth, Phytochem. 3, 229 (1964).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 213, 192 (1932).
P. Karrer and J. Rutschmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 25, 1144 (1942).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 27, 1585 (1944).
P. Karrer and E. Jucker, Helv. Chim. Acta 29, 1539 (1946).
P. Karrer and E. Krause-Voith, Helv. Chim. Acta 30, 1772 (1947).
P. Karrer and K. Miki, Helv. Chim. Acta 12, 985 (1929).
W. Karrer, Konstitution und Vorkommen der organischen Pflanzenstoffe (Birkhäuser, Basle 1958).
P. Karrer and J. Rutschmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 27, 1691 (1944).
K. Schmidt, G. W. Francis and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, in the press (1971).
P. Karrer and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 18, 1306 (1935).
P. Karrer and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 19, 1019 (1936).
P. Karrer, U. Solmssen and H. Koenig, Helv. Chim. Acta 21, 454 (1938).
P. Karrer and H. Koenig, Helv. Chim. Acta 23, 460 (1940).
C.B. van Niel and J.H.C. Smith, Arch. Mikrobiol. 6, 219 (1935).
M.S. Barber, L.M. Jackman, P.S. Manchand and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1966, 2166.
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 381 (1959).
M.S. Barber, L.M. Jackman and B.C.L. Weedon, Proc. Chem. Soc. 1959, 96.
S. Liaaen-Jensen, G. Cohen-Bazire, T.O. M. Nakayama and R. Y. Stanier, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 29, 477 (1958).
T.W. Goodwin, Arch. Mikrobiol. 24, 313 (1956).
D.F. Schneider and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1967, 1686.
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 14, 953 (1960).
A. J. Aasen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 21, 371 (1967).
T.W. Goodwin and D.G. Land, Arch. Mikrobiol. 24, 305 (1956).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 13, 2143 (1959).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 12, 1698 (1958).
C.B. van Niel, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek J. Microbiol. Serol. 12, 156 (1947).
E. A. Shneour, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 62, 534 (1962).
T.O.M. Nakayama, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 75, 356 (1958).
J.B. Davis, L.M. Jackman, P.T. Siddons and B.C.L. Weedon, Proc. Chem. Soc. 1961, 261.
M.S. Barber, L.M. Jackman, P.S. Manchand and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1966, 2166.
K.E. Eimhjellen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 82, 21 (1964).
B.H. Davies, A.E. Holmes, D.E. Loeber, T.P. Toube and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1969, 1266.
P.S. Manchand and B.C.L. Weedon, Tetrahedron Letters 1966, 989.
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 17, 555 (1963).
N. Pfennig, M.C. Markham and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Arch. Mikrobiol. 62, 178 (1968).
P. Karrer and J. Rutschmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 26, 2109 (1943); 28, 795 (1945).
O. Isler, W. Guex, R. Riiegg, G. Ryser, G. Saucy, U. Schwieter, M. Walter and A. Winterstein, Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 864 (1959).
N. Arpin and S. Liaaen-Jensen, C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. D 265, 1083 (1967).
A. Winterstein, A. Studer and R. Rüegg, Chem. Ber. 93, 2951 (1960).
R. Bonaly and J. Villoutreix, C. R. Acad. Sci. 261, 4904 (1965).
R. Riiegg, M. Montavon, G. Ryser, G. Saucy, U. Schwieter and O. Isler, Helv. Chim. Acta 42, 854 (1959).
S. Liaaen-Jensen and K. Schmidt, Arch. Mikrobiol. 46, 138 (1963).
U. Schwieter, R. Rüegg and O. Isler, Helv. Chim. Acta 45, 992 (1966).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 894 (1932).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 67, 885 (1934).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ann. Chem. 516, 95, esp. 123 (1935).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ann. Chem. 516, 95, esp. 113 (1935).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 1319 (1933).
U. Schwieter and O. Isler, unpublished results.
H. Yokoyama, C. Guerrero and H. Boettger, J. Org. Chem. 35, 2080 (1970).
P. Karrer, U. Solmssen and O. Walker, Helv. Chim. Acta 17, 417 (1934).
P. Karrer, H. v. Euler and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 17, 1169 (1934).
G. Neamţu, G. Illyes and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Biochim. 5, 215 (1968).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 1187 (1966).
A. Tanaka, T. Nagasaki and S. Fukui, J. Ferment. Technol. (Japan) 46, 477 (1968).
A.P. Leftwick and B.C.L. Weedon, Acta Chem. Scand. 20, 1195 (1966).
H. Kleinig, H. Reichenbach and H. Achenbach, Arch. Mikrobiol. 74, 223 (1970).
L. Zechmeister and L. Cholnoky, Ann. Chem. 454, 54 (1927), and subsequent publications, esp. Ann. Chem. 516, 30 (1935).
L. Zechmeister and L. Cholnoky, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 69, 422 (1936).
L. Cholnoky, D. Szabó and J. Szabolcs, Ann. Chem. 606, 194 (1957).
H. Faigle and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 44, 1257 (1961).
R.D.G. Cooper, L.M. Jackman and B.C.L. Weedon, Proc. Chem. Soc. 1962, 215.
H.H. Strain, Photosynthesis in Plants (Iowa State College Press, 1949).
H.H. Strain, in Manual of Phycology, ed. by G.M. Smith (Waltham, Mass. 1951), p. 243.
H.H. Strain, Biol. Bull. 129, 366 (1965).
H. Kleinig and K. Egger, Phytochem. 6, 1681 (1967).
H. Kleinig, H. Nitsche and K. Egger, Tetrahedron Letters 1969, 5139.
T.J. Walton, G. Britton, T.W. Goodwin, B. Diner and S. Moshier, Phytochem. 9, 2545 (1970).
J.L. Fiasson and N. Arpin, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 49, 537 (1967).
T. W. Goodwin and M.M. Taha, Biochem. J. 48, 513 (1951).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 5, 565 (1966).
J. Ganguly, N.I. Krinsky and J.H. Pinckard, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 60, 345 (1956).
D.L. Fox and T.S. Hopkins, Corny. Biochem. Physiol. 17, 841 (1966).
F. Haxo, Botan. Gaz. (Chicago) 112, 228 (1950).
J. Tischer, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 251, 109 (1938).
C.K. Warren and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. 1958, 3986.
E.C. Grob and R. P. Pflugshaupt, Helv. Chim. Acta 45, 1592 (1962).
N.I. Krinsky and H.M. Lenhoff, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 16, 189 (1965).
K. Egger, Phytochem. 4, 609 (1965).
K. Egger and H. Kleinig, Phytochem. 6, 903 (1967).
N.I. Krinsky and T.H. Goldsmith, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 91, 271 (1960).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 5, 557 (1966).
M.G. de Nicola, Boll. Sedute Accad. Gioenia Sci. Natur. Catania 5, 201 (1959).
B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. in Britain 3, 424 (1967).
K. Egger, Phytochem. 6, 903 (1967).
F.C. Czygan and E. Kessler, Z. Naturforsch. B 22, 1085 (1967).
T. Katayama, H. Yokoyama and C.O. Chichester, Internat. J. Biochem. 1, 438 (1970).
D. L. Fox and T. S. Hopkins, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 19, 267 (1966).
L. Jaeger and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 46, 687 (1963).
H. Mayer, M. Montavon, R. Rüegg and O. Isler, Helv. Chim. Acta 50, 1606 (1967).
P. Karrer and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 18, 477 (1935).
C. Bodea, E. Nicoară and T. Salontai, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 9, 517 (1964).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, unpublished data.
E. Nicoară, V. Tămaş, G. Neamţu and C. Bodea, Ann. Chem. 697, 201 (1966).
H.C. Malhotra, G. Britton and T. W. Goodwin, FEBS Letters 6, 334 (1970).
T.O.M. Nakayama, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 75, 352 (1958).
P.S. Manchand and B.C.L. Weedon, Tetrahedron Letters 1964, 2603.
M. J. Vacheron, G. Michel, R. Guilluy and N. Arpin, Phytochem. 8, 897 (1969).
M.C. Markham and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 7, 839 (1968).
L. Cholnoky, J. Szabolcs and E.S. Waight, Tetrahedron Letters 1968, 1931.
M. Kelly, S. Andresen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, in the press (1971).
H. Kjøsen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 25, in the press (1971).
R. Kuhn and C. Grundmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 67, 339 (1934).
R. Kuhn and C. Grundmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 61, 1133 (1934).
K. Schön, Biochem. J. 32, 1566 (1938).
L. Zechmeister and W. A. Schroeder, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 65, 1535 (1943).
B.O. Brown and B.C.L. Weedon, Chem. Commun. 1968, 382.
A. L. LeRosen and L. Zechmeister, Arch. Biochem. 1, 17 (1943).
C. Bodea, G. Neamţu and V. Tămaş, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 11, 1123 (1966).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 4, 925 (1965).
N. Arpin, G. W. Francis, S. Norgård and S. Liaaen-Jensen, unpublished results.
E.N. Petzold and F.W. Quackenbush, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 86, 163 (1960).
L. Cholnoky, J. Szabolcs and E. Nagy, Ann. Chem. 616, 207 (1958).
C. Bodea and E. Nicoară, Ann. Chem. 609, 181 (1957).
R. Kuhn and C. Grundmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 1746 (1933).
O. Isler, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, R. Rüegg, G. Saucy and P. Zeller, Helv. Chim. Acta 40, 456 (1957).
F.C. Czygan, Z. Naturforsch. B 23, 1367 (1968).
G.F. Crozier and D.W. Wilkie, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 18, 801 (1966).
S. Hirao, R. Kikuchi and T. Hama, Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 35, 187 (1969).
R. Willstätter and W. Mieg, Ann. Chem. 355, 1 (1907).
P. Karrer, A. Zubrys and R. Morf, Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 977 (1933).
P. Karrer and S. Ishikawa, Helv. Chim. Acta 13, 709 (1930).
P. Karrer and S. Ishikawa, Helv. Chim. Acta 13, 1099 (1930).
P. Karrer, H. Wehrli and A. Helfenstein, Helv. Chim. Acta 13, 268 (1930).
P. Karrer, A. Helfenstein, H. Wehrli and A. Wettstein, Helv. Chim. Acta 13, 1084 (1930).
P. Karrer, H. Koenig and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 21, 445 (1938).
H. Müller and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 48, 291 (1965).
R. Kuhn and A. Winterstein, Naturwiss. 18, 754 (1930).
R. Kuhn, A. Winterstein and E. Lederer, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 197, 141 (1931).
O. Isler, H. Lindlar, M. Montavon, R. Riiegg, G. Saucy and P. Zeller, Helv. Chim. Acta 39, 2041 (1956).
P. Karrer, A. Rüegger and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 21, 448 (1938).
R. Kuhn and A. Winterstein, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 1873 (1932).
R. Kuhn and A. Winterstein, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 429 (1933).
R. Kuhn, A. Winterstein and W. Kaufmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 63, 1489 (1930).
P. Karrer and A. Notthafft, Helv. Chim. Acta 15, 1195 (1932).
R. Entschel and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 40, 1809 (1957).
R. Kuhn and W. Wiegand, Helv. Chim. Acta 12, 499 (1929).
C. Bodea, E. Nicoară, G. Illyes and M. Şuteu, Vol. Omagial Acad. R. Ripan (Acad. Repub. Soc. Rom., Bucharest 1966), p. 153; Chem. Abstr. 68, 13,214 (1968).
H. H. Strain, J. Biol. Chem. 123, 425 (1938).
F.C. Czygan and W. Heumann, Arch. Mikrobiol. 57, 123 (1967).
S. Hertzberg and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 22, 1714 (1968).
J. W. McBeth, Thesis (Univ. California, San Diego 1970).
H.H. Strain, Biol. Bull. 97, 206 (1949).
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 32, 141 (1967).
J. P. Critchley, J. Friend and T. Swain, Chem. Ind. 1958, 596.
A.L. Curl, J. Food Sci. 30, 13 (1965).
H. Kjøsen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Phytochem. 8, 483 (1969).
R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann, Ann. Chem. 516, 95 (1935).
R. Criegee, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 64, 260 (1931).
R. Ahmad and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. 1953, 3286.
G. Pattenden, J.E. Way and B.C.L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc. C 1970, 235.
J. Herzig and F. Faltis, Ann. Chem. 431, 40, esp. 51 (1923).
P. Karrer and F. Benz, Helv. Chim. Acta 16, 337 (1933).
P. Karrer and H. Salomon, Helv. Chim. Acta 10, 397 (1927).
C.H. Eugster, H. Hürlimann and H.J. Leuenberger, Helv. Chim. Acta 52, 806 (1969).
H. H. Inhoffen, O. Isler, G. von der Bey, G. Raspé, P. Zeller and R. Ahrens, Ann. Chem. 580, 7 (1953).
R. Kuhn and C. Grundmann, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 65, 1880 (1932).
L.M. Jackman and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 15, 2058 (1961).
H. Yokoyama and M. J. White, Phytochem. 5, 1159 (1966).
H. v. Euler, P. Karrer and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 21, 211 (1938).
P. Karrer and U. Solmssen, Helv. Chim. Acta 20, 682 (1937).
P. Karrer, U. Solmssen and W. Gugelmann, Helv. Chim. Acta 20, 1020 (1937).
L. Zechmeister and P. Tuzson, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 70, 1966 (1937).
H. Yokoyama, M.J. White and C.E. Vandercook, J. Org. Chem. 30, 2482 (1965).
G. W. Francis, Acta Chem. Scand. 23, 2916 (1969).
H. Yokoyama and M.J. White, J. Org. Chem. 30, 2481 (1965).
H. Yokoyama and M.J. White, J. Org. Chem. 31, 3452 (1966).
H. Yokoyama and M.J. White, J. Org. Chem. 30, 3994 (1965).
E. Lederer, C. R. Soc. Biol. 113, 1391 (1933).
R. Fabre and E. Lederer, Bull. Soc. Chim. Biol. 16, 105 (1934).
I.M. Heilbron, H. Jackson and R.N. Jones, Biochem. J. 29, 1384 (1935).
O.B. Weeks, A.G. Andrewes, B.O. Brown and B.C.L. Weedon, Nature 224, 879 (1969).
H.F.M. Petter, Proc. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam 34, 1417 (1931).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 14, 950 (1960).
U. Schwieter and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 23, 1057 (1969).
W. Hodgkiss, J. Liston, T.W. Goodwin and M. Jamikorn, J. Gen. Microbiol. 11, 438 (1954).
O.B. Weeks and A.G. Andrewes, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 137, 284 (1970).
Y. Takeda and T. Ohta, Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 268, 1 (1941).
S. Liaaen-Jensen, O.B. Weeks, R.H.C. Strang and D. Thirkell, Nature 214, 379 (1967).
N. Arpin, S. Norgård, G. W. Francis and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand., to be published.
W. Gerhardt, Chem. Zentralblatt 1912 II, 1953.
K. Egger and A.G. Dabbagh, Tetrahedron Letters 17, 1433 (1970).
H. Kleinig and K. Egger, Z. Naturforsch. B 22, 868 (1967).
H. Nitsche and K. Egger, Tetrahedron Letters 17, 1435 (1970).
H.H. Strain, W.A. Svec, K. Aitzetmüller, M. Grandolfo and J.J. Katz, Phytochem. 7, 1417 (1968).
H. Kjøsen and S. Liaaen-Jensen, Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 2259 (1970).
F. Haxo, Arch. Biochem. 20, 400 (1949).
M. Zalokar, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 70, 568 (1957).
J.L. Fiasson and M. P. Bouchez, Phytochem. 9, 1133 (1970).
R. Kuhn and A. Winterstein, Ber. Deut. Chem. Ges. 66, 209 (1933).
A. Green, C.H. Eugster and P. Karrer, Helv. Chim. Acta 37, 1717 (1954).
M. C. Malhotra, G. Britton and T. W. Goodwin, Phytochem. 9, 2369 (1970).
E. Nicoară, D. Oşianu and C. Bodea, Rev. Roumaine Chim. 15, 965 (1970).
M.J. Vacheron, N. Arpin and G. Michel, C.R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C 271, 881 (1970).
H. Nitsche, Tetrahedron Letters 1970, 3345.
H. Stransky and A. Hager, Arch. Mikrobiol. 71, 164 (1970).
H. H. Strain, W. A. Svec, K. Aitzetmüller, M. C. Grandolfo, J. J. Katz, H. Kjøsen, S. Norgård, S. Liaaen-Jensen, F. T. Haxo, P. Wegfahrt and H. Rapoport, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 93, 1823 (1971).
A. R. Loeblich and V. E. Smith, Lipids 3, 5 (1968).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1971 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1971). Isolation, Reactions. In: Isler, O., Gutmann, H., Solms, U. (eds) Carotenoids. Chemische Reihe, vol 23. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5831-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5831-1_3
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-0348-5832-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-5831-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive