Abstract
Uniaxial compressive stress-strain curves have been measured on a suite of 26 commercial grades of tungsten carbide cermets and three maraging steels of interest for use in high-pressure apparatus. Tests were conducted on cylindrical specimens with a length to diameter ratio of two. Load was applied to the specimens by tungsten carbide anvils padded by extrudable lead disks. Interference fit binding rings of maraging steel were pressed on to the ends of the specimens to inhibit premature corner fractures. Bonded resistance strain gages were used to measure both axial and tangential strains. Deformation was exremely uniform in the central, gauged portion of the specimens. Tests were conducted at a constant engineering strain rate of 1 × 10−5 S−l. The composition of the specimens was principally WC/Co with minor amounts of other carbides in some cases. The Co weight fraction ranged from 2 to 15%. Observed compressive strengths ranged from about 4 to just above 8 GPa. Axial strain amplitude at failure varied from ∼ 1.5% to ∼9%. Representative stress-strain curves and a ranking of the grades in terms of yield strength and strain at failure are presented. A power law strain hardening relation and the Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain equation were fit to the data. Fits were very good for both functions to axial strain amplitudes of about 2%. The failure of these established functions is accompanied by an abrupt change in the trend of volumetric strain consistent with the onset of substantial microcrack volume.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brace, W. F., Paulding, B. W., and Scholz, C. (1966), Dilatancy in the Fracture of Crystalline Rocks, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 3939–3953.
Doi, H., Fujiwara, Y., and Miyake, K. (1969), Mechanism of Plastic Deformation and Dislocation Damping of Cemented Carbides, Trans. Met. Soc. of AIME 245, 1457–1470.
Exner, H. E. (1979), Physical and Chemical Nature of Cemented Carbides. International Metals Reviews 4, 149–173.
Exner, H. E., and Gurland, J. (1970), A Review of Parameters Influencing Some Mechanical Properties of Tungsten Carbide-cobalt Alloys, Powder Metallurgy 13, 13–31.
Fischmeister, H. F., Schmauder, S., and Sigl, L. S. (1988), Finite Element Modeling of Crack Propagation in WC-Co Hard Metals, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 305–311.
Godse, R., and Gurland, J. (1988), Applicability of the Critical Strain Fracture Criterion to WC-Co Hard Metals, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 331–336.
Han, D., and Mecholsky Jr., J. J. (1990), Fracture Analysis of Cobalt-bonded Tungsten Carbide Composites, J. Mater. Sci. 25, 4949–4956.
Han, D., and Mecholsky Jr., J. J. (1991), Fracture Behavior of Metal Particulate-reinforced WC-Co Composites, Mater. Sci. Engr. A144, 293–302.
Hanabusa, T., Nishioka, K., and Fujiwara, H. (1983), Criterion for the Triaxial X-ray Residual Stress Analysis, Z. Metallkde. 74, 307–313.
Hara, A., and Ikeda, T. (1972), Behavior of Compressive Deformation of WC-Co Cemented Carbide, Trans. Jpn. Inst. Met. 13, 129–133.
Haygarth, J. C., and Kennedy, G. C. (1967), Crushing Strength of Cemented Tungsten Carbide Pistons, Rev. Sci. Instru. 38, 1590–1592.
Jayaram, V., Kronenberg, A., and Kirby, S. H. (1986), Plastic Deformation of WC-Co at High Confining Pressure, Scripta Metallurgica 20, 701–705.
Johannesson, B., and Warren, R. (1988), Subcritical Crack Growth and Plastic Deformation in the Fracture of Hard Metals, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 353–361.
Johansson, I., Persson, G., and Hiltscher, R. (1970), Determination of Static and Fatigue Compressive Strength of Hard Metals, Powder Metallurgy 13, 449–464.
Kerper, M. J., Mong, L. E., Stiefel, M. B., and Holley, S. F. (1958), Evaluation of Tensile, Compressive, Torsional, Transverse, and Impact Tests and Correlation of Results for Brittle Cermets, J. Res. Nat. Bureau of Standards 61, 149–169.
Krawitz, A. D., Reichel, D. G., and Hitterman, R. L. (1989), Residual Stress and Stress Distribution in a WC-Ni Composite, Mater. Sci. Engr. A119, 127–134.
Krawitz, A. D., Roberts, R., and Faber, J., Residual stress relaxation in cemented carbide composites. In Proc. 2nd Int. Confi on the Science of Hard Materials (ed. Almond, E. A., Brookes, C. A., and Warren, R.) (Adam Hilger Ltd., 1986) pp. 577-589.
Laugier, M. T. (1988), Elevated Temperature Properties of WC-Co Cemented Carbides, Mater. Sci. Engr. A105/106, 363–367.
Lemaitre, J., and Chaboche, J., Mechanics of Solid Materials (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990).
Lubliner, J., Plasticity Theory (Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, 1990).
Nabarro, F. R. N., and Vekinis, G. (1988), Pre-compression, Internal Stresses and Coercivity in WC-Co, Mater. Sci. Engr. A105/106, 337–342.
Paterson, M. S., Experimental Rock Deformation, The Brittle Field (M. S., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978).
Pelepelin, V. M. (1965), Effect of Plastic Deformation of the Physicomechanical Properties of Tungsten Carbide-cobalt Hard Alloys, Poroshkovaya Metallurgica 35, 76–82.
Pelepelin, V. M. (1967), Variation in Density and Coefficient of Transverse Deformation of Hard Alloys, Poroshkovaya Metallurgica 59, 108–110.
Press, W. H., Flannery, B. P., Teuklsky, A. S., Vetterling, W. T., Numerical Recipes in C, The Art of Scientific Computing (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988).
Rowcliffe, D. J. Jayaram, V., Hibbs, M. K., and Sinclair, R. (1988), Compressive Deformation and Fracture in WC Materials, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 299–303.
Sarin, V. K., and Johannesson, T. (1975), On the Deformation of WC-Co Cemented Carbides, Metal Science 9, 472–476.
Schmid, H. G., Mari, D., Benoit, W., and Bonjour, C. (1988), The Mechanical Behavior of Cemented Carbides at High Temperatures, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 343–351.
Seely, F. B., and Smith, J. O., Advanced Mechanics of Materials (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1967).
Shanley, F. R., Strength of Materials (The Maple Press, York, PA 1957).
Spiegler, R., and Fischmeister, H. F. (1992), Prediction of Crack Paths in WC-Co Alloys, Acta Metall. Mater. 40, 1653–1661.
Suresh, S. (1988), The Failure of Hard Materials in Cyclic Compression: Theory, Experiments and Applications, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 323–329.
Vandeput, R. R., and Mastrantonis, N. (1988), A Comparison of the Strength of WC-Co Measured by Ring and Transverse Rupture Strength Specimens, Mater. Sci. Engr. A 105/106, 423–428.
Vasel, C. H., Krawitz, A. D., Drake, E. F., and Kenik, E. A. (1985), Binder Deformation in WC-(Co, Ni) Cemented Carbide Composites, Metall. Trans. A 16A, 2309–2317.
Vekinis, G., and Luyckx, S. B. (1987), The Effects of Cyclic Pre compression on the Magnetic Coercivity of WC-6wt%Co, Mater. Sci. Engr. 96, L21–L23.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Basel AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Getting, I.C., Chen, G., Brown, J.A. (1993). The Strength and Rheology of Commercial Tungsten Carbide Cermets used in High-pressure Apparatus. In: Liebermann, R.C., Sondergeld, C.H. (eds) Experimental Techniques in Mineral and Rock Physics. Pageoph Topical Volumes. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5108-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5108-4_18
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Basel
Print ISBN: 978-3-7643-5028-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-0348-5108-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive