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Circulating Extracellular microRNA in Systemic Autoimmunity

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Circulating microRNAs in Disease Diagnostics and their Potential Biological Relevance

Part of the book series: Experientia Supplementum ((EXS,volume 106))

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are differentially regulated in healthy, activated, inflamed, neoplastic, or otherwise pathological cells and tissues. While their main functions are executed intracellularly, many miRNAs can reproducibly be detected extracellularly in plasma and serum. This circulating, extracellular miRNA is protected against degradation by complexation with carrier proteins and/or by being enclosed in subcellular membrane vesicles. This, together with their tissue- and disease-specific expression, has fuelled the interest in using circulating microRNA profiles as harbingers of disease, i.e., as diagnostic analytes and as clues to dysregulated pathways in disease. Many studies show that inflammation and immune dysregulation, e.g., in autoimmune diseases, are associated with distinct miRNA expression changes in targeted tissues and in innate and adaptive immunity cells such as lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophil granulocytes, and monocyte–macrophages. Exploratory studies (only validated in a few cases) also show that specific profiles of circulating miRNAs are associated with different systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Even though the link between cellular alterations and extracellular profiles is still unpredictable, the data suggest that circulating miRNAs in autoimmunity may become diagnostically useful. Here, we review important circulating miRNAs in animal models of inflammation and in systemic autoimmunity and summarize some proposed functions of miRNAs in immune regulation and dysregulation. We conclude that the studies suggest new hypotheses and additional experiments, and that further diagnostic development is highly dependent on analytical method development and on obtaining sufficient numbers of uniformly processed samples from clinically well-characterized patients and controls.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Bldg. 81, Rm. 419, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark

    Niels H. H. Heegaard

  2. Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark

    Niels H. H. Heegaard

  3. Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark

    Anting Liu Carlsen

  4. Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark

    Anting Liu Carlsen

  5. National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

    Kerstin Skovgaard & Peter M. H. Heegaard

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  1. Niels H. H. Heegaard
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  2. Anting Liu Carlsen
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  3. Kerstin Skovgaard
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  4. Peter M. H. Heegaard
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Correspondence to Niels H. H. Heegaard .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. 2nd Department of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

    Peter Igaz

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Heegaard, N.H.H., Carlsen, A.L., Skovgaard, K., Heegaard, P.M.H. (2015). Circulating Extracellular microRNA in Systemic Autoimmunity. In: Igaz, P. (eds) Circulating microRNAs in Disease Diagnostics and their Potential Biological Relevance. Experientia Supplementum, vol 106. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0955-9_8

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