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The Role of Inflammation in Kidney Cancer

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Inflammation and Cancer

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 816))

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constitutes more than 90 % of primary kidney tumors with the development of metastatic disease in the lung, bone, liver, and brain. Clear-cell RCC (CCRCC) is the most common histologic form of sporadic kidney cancer where the majority of tumors have inactivation of the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene resulting in the accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) leading to dysregulation of cell growth and angiogenesis. Understanding of the genetic changes in RCC and the downstream events have led to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) that target HIF-regulated proteins which currently represents front-line therapy for metastatic disease although resistance develops in most patients overtime. Despite the fact that RCC is an immunogenic tumor, there is mounting evidence that immune cells and inflammatory pathways can enhance tumor growth and immune escape. However, recent studies are beginning to uncover the mechanisms of immune escape in RCC, and the role inflammatory immune cells and cytokines play is this process. These new findings have led to renewed interest in the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of this disease that includes strategies to regulate inflammatory responses. Here, we will discuss the different inflammatory signaling pathways (e.g., VHL, hypoxia, TNF-α, STAT, and TGF-β) and the downstream transcription factors, cytokines, and chemokines involved in tumor development, and disease progression. This will include assessment of the role inflammatory molecules (e.g., pVHL, TGFb, IL6, select chemokines/chemokine receptors) play in promoting cell transformation, survival, proliferation of tumor cells, and metastasis derived from in vitro and in vivo studies. Included is a section on how select inflammatory cells (TAM, MDSC, and neutrophils) promote tumor evasion of immune cells. We also provide examples of molecules/cells that correlate negatively (CXCL12, CXCR4, and MMP, neutrophils, and MDSC) and positively (TH1 cells, IP-10, and MIG) with tumor progression and survival. Finally, there is a discussion of different inhibitors of inflammation that may be useful in the treatment of RCC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Antonio Roma de Vivar Chevez, James Finke & Ronald Bukowski

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  1. Antonio Roma de Vivar Chevez
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  2. James Finke
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  3. Ronald Bukowski
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Correspondence to Ronald Bukowski .

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  1. Dept of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bharat B. Aggarwal

  2. Dept of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bokyung Sung

  3. Dep Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Subash Chandra Gupta

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de Vivar Chevez, A.R., Finke, J., Bukowski, R. (2014). The Role of Inflammation in Kidney Cancer. In: Aggarwal, B., Sung, B., Gupta, S. (eds) Inflammation and Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 816. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_9

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