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The Role of Inflammation in Brain Cancer

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Inflammation and Cancer

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 816))

Abstract

Malignant brain tumors are among the most lethal of human tumors, with limited treatment options currently available. A complex array of recurrent genetic and epigenetic changes has been observed in gliomas that collectively result in derangements of common cell signaling pathways controlling cell survival, proliferation, and invasion. One important determinant of gene expression is DNA methylation status, and emerging studies have revealed the importance of a recently identified demethylation pathway involving 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Diminished levels of the modified base 5hmC is a uniform finding in glioma cell lines and patient samples, suggesting a common defect in epigenetic reprogramming. Within the tumor microenvironment, infiltrating immune cells increase oxidative DNA damage, likely promoting both genetic and epigenetic changes that occur during glioma evolution. In this environment, glioma cells are selected that utilize multiple metabolic changes, including changes in the metabolism of the amino acids glutamate, tryptophan, and arginine. Whereas altered metabolism can promote the destruction of normal tissues, glioma cells exploit these changes to promote tumor cell survival and to suppress adaptive immune responses. Further understanding of these metabolic changes could reveal new strategies that would selectively disadvantage tumor cells and redirect host antitumor responses toward eradication of these lethal tumors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, USA

    James L. Sowers, Kenneth M. Johnson & Lawrence C. Sowers

  2. Combined MD-PhD Program, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA

    James L. Sowers

  3. Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Charles Conrad

  4. Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA

    Joel T. Patterson

  5. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, UTMB, Galveston, TX, USA

    Lawrence C. Sowers

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  1. James L. Sowers
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  2. Kenneth M. Johnson
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  4. Joel T. Patterson
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  5. Lawrence C. Sowers
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Correspondence to Lawrence C. Sowers .

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  1. Dept of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bharat B. Aggarwal

  2. Dept of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Bokyung Sung

  3. Dep Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Subash Chandra Gupta

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Sowers, J.L., Johnson, K.M., Conrad, C., Patterson, J.T., Sowers, L.C. (2014). The Role of Inflammation in Brain Cancer. In: Aggarwal, B., Sung, B., Gupta, S. (eds) Inflammation and Cancer. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 816. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_4

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