Skip to main content

Correspondence Analysis: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data in Architecture

  • Chapter
  • 1422 Accesses

Part of the book series: Nexus Network Journal ((NNJ))

Abstract

This article aims at establishing a new application of the correspondence analysis (CA) method for analyzing qualitative data in architecture and landscape architecture. This method is primarily used in genealogy but is here, for the first time, applied to architectural studies. After introducing a qualitative method based on coding process, a practical guide for using CAQDAS (Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software) is provided. The software NVivo-8 is applied to analyze the data. CA, a multivariate statistical technique, is used to identify the underlying structure of the data and visualize the results. For the purpose of testing this method in practice, the National Garden of Tehran was selected as a case study to provide the data. The focus is on visualizing the similarities between the properties of the National Garden of Tehran and several different garden design styles. Two reliability tests were performed to verify the results, indicating that the National Garden of Tehran has many characteristics similar to those of a typical Baroque garden style. We believe that this new method may have wide application possibilities for studies on architecture, urban design, and landscape architecture.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexa, Melina and Cornelia Zuell. 2000. Text Analysis Software: Commonalities, Differences and Limitations: The Results of a Review. Quality and Quantity 34, 3: 299–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beh, Eric J. 2004. Simple Correspondence Analysis: A Bibliographic Review. International Statistical Review 72, 2: 257–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendixen, Mike. 1996. A Practical Guide to the Use of Correspondence Analysis in Marketing Research. Research on-line 1, 16–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castiglia, Roberto B.F. and Marco Giorgo Bevilacqua. 2008. The Turkish Baths in Elbasan: Architecture, Geometry and Wellbeing. Nexus Network Journal 10, 2: 307–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, Sten Erik. 1998. Applied Correspondencs Analysis: An Introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffey, Amanada Jane and Paul Anthony Atkinson. 1996. Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementry Research Strategies. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, Duncan. 1994. Introducing statistics for social research: Step-by-step calculations and computer techniques using SPSS. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Decuir-Gunby, Jessica T., Patricia L. Marshall and Allison W. McCulloch. 2011. Developing and Using a Codebook for the Analysis of Interview Data: An Example from a Prefessional Development Research Project. Field Methods 23, 2: 136–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doey, Laura. and Jessica Kurta. 2011. Correspondence analysis applied to psycological research. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Pyschology 7, 1: 5–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Duller, Christine. 2010. Correspondence Analysis — Theory and Application in Management Accounting Research. ICNAAM 2010: International Conference of Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics 2010. AIP Conference Proceedings 1281: 1905–1908.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebdon, David. 1985. Statistics in Geography. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eilouti, Buthayna H. 2008. A Formal Language for Palladian Palazzo Facades Represented by String Recognition Device. Nexus Network Journal 10, 2: 245–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, Cynthia S., Patricia A. Cody and Michelle Ballan. 2010. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. In Handbook of Social Work Research, B. A. Thyer, ed. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, Barney and Anselm Strauss. 1965. Awareness of Dying. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenacre, Michael. 2007. Correspondence Analysis in Practice, 2nd ed. London: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2010. Biplots in Practice. Spain: Fundacion BBVA. Available at: http://www.multivariatestatistics.org/biplots.html (last accessed, 28 August 2012).

  • Hoffman, Donna L. and George R. Frank. 1986. Correspondence Analysis: Graphical Representation of Categorical Data in Marketing Research. Journal of Marketing Research 23, 3: 213–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Housley, William and Robin James Smith. 2011. Telling the CAQDAS code: Membership categorization and the accomplishment of ‘coding rules’ in research team talk. Discourse Studies 13, 4:417–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, Sangsoo. 2008. Utilizing Qualitative Data Analysis Software: A Review of Atlas.ti. Social Science Computer Review 26, 4: 519–527.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadem, Ali. 1928. Arial Photo of the National Garden, Private Archive. Tehran: Iran

    Google Scholar 

  • Krippendroff, Klaus. 2004. Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations. Human Communication Research 30, 3: 411–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, Matthew Jenifer Snyder-Duch, and Cheryl Campanella Bracken. 2002. Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliabiliy. Human Communication Research 28, 4:587–604

    Google Scholar 

  • MacMillan, Katie and Thomas Koenig. 2004. The Wow Factor: Preconception and Expectations for Data Analysis Software in Qualitative Research. Social Science Computer Review 22, 2: 179–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangaberia, Wilma C., Raymond M. Lee and Nigel G. Fielding. 2004. Computer and Qualitative Reseach: Adoption, Use and Representation. Social Science Computer Review 22, 2: 167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, Bruce and Bella Dicks. 2001. Going Beyond the Code: The Production of Hypermedia Ethnography. Social Science Computer Review 19, 4: 445–457.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehmetoglu, Mehmet and Graham M. S. Dann. 2003. Atlas/ti and Content: Semiotic Analysis in Tourism Research. Tourism Analysis 8, 1: 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, Carl D. 2000. Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra. Philadelphia: Siam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, Matthew B. and A. Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. London: SAGE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moret, Margriet, Rob Reuzel, Gert Jan VAN DER Wilt and John Grin. 2007. Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Data Analysis: Interobserver Agreement in Reconstructing Interpretative Frames. Field Methods 19, 1: 24–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navidi, William. 2011. Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, Steve, Kaye Chon and Hiyan Song. 2008. Visualizing Tourism Trends: A Combinition of Atlas.ti and BiPlot. Journal of Travel Research 46: 339–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, Karl. 1904. On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation. London: Drapers’ Company Research Memoirs Biometric Series.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rohani, Ghazaleh. 2010. Designing Garden and Green Environment. Tehran: Farhang e Jame (in Persian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, Grey W. and H. Russel Bernard. 2000. Data Management and Analysis Methods. In The Handbook of Qualitative Research, N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, eds. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seidel, John and Udo Kelle. 1995. Different Function of Coding Data in the Analysis of Textual Data. In Computer-aided Qualitative Data Analysis: Theory, Methods, and Practice, U. Kelle, ed. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahcheragi, Azadeh. 2010. Paradigms of Paradise. Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sin, Chi Hoong. 2008. Teamwork Involving Qualitative Data Analysis Software: Striking a Balance Between Research Ideals and Pragmatics. Social Science Computer Review 26, 3: 350–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strijbos, Jan W., Rob L. Martens, Frans J. Prins and Wim M. G. Jochems. 2006. Content Analysis: What Are They Talking About? Computers and Education 46, 29–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tahami, Dariush. 1928. National Garden. Tahami Photo-Grammetry Archive. Tehran. Iran.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, Tom. 2005. Garden History: Philosophy and Design 2000 BC-2000 AD. London and New York: Spon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahba, Sherine mohy El Dine. 2010. Friendly and Beautiful: Environmental Aesthetics in Twenty-First-Century Architecture. Nexus Network Journal 12, 3: 459–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman, Eben and Matthew B. Miles. 1995. Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis: A Software Sourcebook. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata-Sepúlveda, Pamela, Felix López-Sánchez and María Cruz Sánchez-Gómez. 2011. Content analysis research method with NVivo-6 software in a PhD thesis: an approch to the long-term psychological effects on chilean ex-prisoners survivors of experiences of torture and imprisonment. Quality and Quantity 46, 1: 379–390.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Hadi Ghoddusifar .

Editor information

Kim Williams

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Kim Williams Books, Turin

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Habib, F., Etesam, I., Ghoddusifar, S.H., Mohajeri, N. (2012). Correspondence Analysis: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data in Architecture. In: Williams, K. (eds) Digital Fabrication. Nexus Network Journal. Birkhäuser, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0582-7_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics