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The Emergence of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza

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Influenza Vaccines for the Future

Part of the book series: Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases ((BAID))

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Abstract

The emergence of a novel H1N1 virus in Mexico and the USA in spring 2009 and its rapid spread around the globe has led the World Health Organization to declare the first pandemic of the twenty-first century. Employing almost real-time sequencing technologies and disseminating this information freely and widely has permitted the most intensive investigation of the origins and evolution of an influenza pandemic in the history of this disease. The small levels of sequence diversity of the first isolates permitted a realistic estimate of when the 2009 H1N1 virus first entered the human population. The rate of change in influenza RNA sequences permitted several groups to trace the origins of this virus to swine and a reassortment of North American and Eurasian swine influenza. These virus strains in turn have been traced back to swine, avian, and human virus reassortments occurring years ago in swine, all the way back to the 1918–1930 H1N1 viruses. The influenza virus sequence information spans the dimensions of time (90 years), space (locations all over the world), and hosts (birds, humans, swine, etc.). The high evolutionary rate of this virus and the growing amount of information is allowing researchers to follow its changes in the search for possible factors that could contribute to an increase in its virulence.

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Acknowledgments

B. Greenbaum would like to acknowledge the support of Eric and Wendy Schmidt. R. Rabadan and H. Khiabanian would like to acknowledge support from Eureka (Exceptional, Unconventional Research Enabling Knowledge Acceleration) grant number 1R01LM010140-01.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Simons Center for Systems Biology, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA

    Benjamin Greenbaum & Arnold Levine

  2. Department of Biomedical Informatics, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    Vladimir Trifonov, Hossein Khiabanian & Raul Rabadan

Authors
  1. Benjamin Greenbaum
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  2. Vladimir Trifonov
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  3. Hossein Khiabanian
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  4. Arnold Levine
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  5. Raul Rabadan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Raul Rabadan .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100, Italy

    Rino Rappuoli

  2. Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, Siena, 53100, Italy

    Giuseppe Del Giudice

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Greenbaum, B., Trifonov, V., Khiabanian, H., Levine, A., Rabadan, R. (2011). The Emergence of 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza. In: Rappuoli, R., Del Giudice, G. (eds) Influenza Vaccines for the Future. Birkhäuser Advances in Infectious Diseases. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_5

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