Representing War Damage and Destruction Following Bombardment

Reeve, Michael

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86851-2_6

Michael Reeve⁶

Part of the book series: Global Studies in Social and Cultural Maritime History ((GSSCMH))

91 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter explores the reflection of bomb damage and destruction in local popular culture in Hull, Hartlepool, West Hartlepool and Whitby. The primary source base of this chapter—print articles, postcards and ephemeral material culture—is used to examine popular conceptions of local civilian sacrifice. The damaged or destroyed urban building is conceived as a ‘site of memory’, mobilised by historical actors during and after the war for particular emotional, political and cultural ends. This chapter clearly links with Chap. 7 in its concern with cultural reflections upon the effects of bombardment on everyday civilian life. In this chapter, the popular reflections, rendered in visual and material culture, are produced during the war itself. They include a Scarborough ‘Bombardment Museum’, opened in June 1915 to house ‘bombardment relics’, in addition to analysis of picture postcards, theatre productions and civilian ‘trench art’ made in the region.

This chapter includes material from the following article, reproduced here with permission from Taylor & Francis: Michael Reeve, “Are we downhearted? NO!’: Representing War Damage and Destruction following Bombardment on the First World War ‘Home Front”, Critical Military Studies, online version, 6 May 2019. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2019.1611695 (accessed 7 June 2021).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Chapter: USD 29.95; Price excludes VAT (USA)

eBook: USD 99.00; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Hardcover Book: USD 129.99; Price excludes VAT (USA)

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

1.
Sophie de Schaepdrijver, ‘Populations Under Occupation’ in The Cambridge History of the First World War, Volume III: Civil Society, ed. Jay Winter (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), 246; Isabel V. Hull, A Scrap of Paper: Breaking and Making International Law during the Great War (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2014), 18–19, 22.
2.
Rhys Howell, ‘Town to Commemorate Attack That Shocked Nation’, Whitby Gazette, 12 December 2014. Available: http://www.whitbygazette.co.uk/news/town-to-commemorate-attack-that-shocked-nation-1-7002030 (accessed 22 August 2017); Anon, ‘New 15ft Memorial to be Erected on Headland for 100^th anniversary of Hartlepool Bombardment’, Hartlepool Mail, 19 March 2014. Available: http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/lifestyle/nostalgia/new-15ft-memorial-to-be-erected-on-headland-for-100th-anniversary-of-hartlepool-bombardment-1-6508172 (accessed 22 August 2017).
3.
Maggie Andrews and Janis Lomas, eds., The Home Front in Britain: Images, Myths and Forgotten Experiences since 1914, (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); Jerry White, Zeppelin Nights: London in the First World War (London: Vintage, 2014); Stefan Goebel and Derek Keene, eds., Cities into Battlefields: Metropolitan Scenarios, Experiences and Commemorations of Total War (London: Ashgate, 2011); Tammy M. Proctor, Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918 (New York: New York University Press, 2010).
4.
Stephane Audoin-Rouzeau and Annette Becker, 14–18 Understanding the Great War (New York: Hill & Wang, 2014), 102–3.
5.
John Horne and Alan Kramer, German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial (London: Yale University Press, 2001), 302.
6.
Jay Winter, ‘Popular Culture in Wartime Britain’ in European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda, 1914–1918, eds. Aviel Roshwald and Richard Stites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 348; Samuel Hynes, A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture (London: Pimlico, 1992), 34, 121.
7.
Jennifer Wellington, Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums, and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 25.
8.
Nicholas J. Saunders, Trench Art: Materialities and Memories of War (Oxford: Berg, 2003), 12.
9.
Ibid., 3, 45.
10.
Audoin-Rouzeau and Becker, Understanding, 186.
11.
Pierre Nora, ‘Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire’, Representations, 26 (1989), 12–13.
12.
Michael Haldrup and Jonas Larsen, ‘Material Cultures of Tourism’, Leisure Studies, 25 (3) (2006), 283.
13.
Recent examples include Jean-Paul Amat, Paola Filippucci, and Edwige Savouret, “The Cemetery of France’: Reconstruction and Memorialisation on the Battlefield of Verdun (France)’ in War and Cultural Heritage: Biographies of Place, eds. Marie Louise Stig Sorensen and Dacia Viejo-Rose (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 46–68; Douglas Scott, Lawrence Babits and Charles Haecker, eds., Fields of Conflict: Battlefield Archaeology from the Roman Empire to the Korean War (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007); Brantz, ‘Environments of Death’; Brown, ‘A Pulverised Landscape?’.
14.
Martin Gegner and Bart Ziino, eds., The Heritage of War (London: Routledge, 2011); Maggie Andrews and Janis Lomas, eds., The Home Front in Britain: Images, Myths and Forgotten Experiences since 1914 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
15.
G.J. Ashworth, War and the City (London: Routledge, 1991), 174.
16.
Alan Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War (Oxford; Oxford University Press, 2007), 236; Jennifer Wellington, Exhibiting War: The Great War, Museums, and Memory in Britain, Canada, and Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 67.
17.
John R. Gillis, The Human Shore: Seacoasts in History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 180–1; Duncan Redford, ‘The Royal Navy, Sea Blindness and British National Identity’ in Maritime History and Identity: The Sea and Culture in the Modern World, ed. Duncan Redford (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014), 67–68.
18.
N.A.M. Rodger, ‘Queen Elizabeth and the Myth of British Sea-Power in English History’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 14 (2004), 153–74; Andrew Lambert, ‘The Power of a Name: Tradition, Technology and Transformation’ in The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age, eds. Robert J. Blyth, Andrew Lambert and Jan Rüger (Farnham: Ashgate, 2011), 19–30; Jann M. Witt and Robin McDermott, Scarborough Bombardment: The Attack by the German High Seas Fleet on Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool on 16 December 1914 (Berlin: Palm Verlag, 2016), 89. On the fear of invasion and attack, see Susan R. Grayzel, ‘“A promise of terror to come”: Air Power and the Destruction of Cities in British Imagination and Experience, 1908–39’ in Cities into Battlefields: Metropolitan Scenarios, Experiences and Commemorations of Total War, eds. Stefan Goebel and Derek Keene (London: Ashgate, 2011), 47–62; David G. Morgan-Owen, The Fear of Invasion: Strategy, Politics, and British War Planning, 1880–1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), Ch. 5.
19.
Robert Bevan, The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War (London: Reaktion, 2016), 24.
20.
Ibid.
21.
James Greenhalgh, ‘The Threshold of the State: Civil Defence, the Blackout and the Home in Second World War Britain’, Twentieth Century British History, 28 (2) (2017), 192.
22.
Ibid., 25.
23.
Daniel Miller, Stuff (Cambridge: Polity, 2017), 50–1, 54; R. Bruce Hull IV, Mark Lam and Gabriella Vigo, ‘Place Identity: Symbols of Self in the Urban Fabric’, Landscape and Urban Planning, 28 (1994), 111.
24.
Thilo Folkerts, ‘Landscape as Memory’, Journal of Landscape Architecture, 10 (1) (2015), 76; Andrew Herscher, ‘Warchitectural Theory’, Journal of Architectural Education, 61 (3) (2008), 37; Kevin Rozario, ‘Making Progress: Disaster Narratives and the Art of Optimism in Modern America’ in The Resilient City: How Modern Cities Recover from Disaster, eds. Lawrence J. Vale and Thomas J. Campanella (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 27; Martin Brown, ‘A Pulverised Landscape? Landscape-scale Destruction and the Western Front during the Great War 1914–18’ in The Archaeology of Destruction, ed. Lila Rakoczy (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2008), 196; Dorothee Brantz, ‘Environments of Death: Trench Warfare on the Western Front, 1914–18’ in War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age, ed. Charles E. Closmann (College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2009), 81.
25.
Folkerts, 76.
26.
‘A Terrible “If…”’, Scarborough Pictorial, 30 December 1914, 5.
27.
Fegan, Baby Killers, 149.
28.
HHC, L DIGT/1/9, Rev. Dr. Frank Baker diaries, Sunday 5 March 1916.
29.
‘Remember Scarborough!’, IWM, Dept. of Art and Popular Design, Art.IWM PST 5119.
30.
Dorothee Brantz, ‘Assembling the Multitude: Questions About Agency in the Urban Environment’, Urban History, 44 (1) (2017), 132.
31.
Chris Otter, ‘The Technosphere: A New Concept for Urban Studies’, Urban History, 44 (1) (2017), 147; Victor Buchli, An Anthropology of Architecture (Abingdon: Routledge, 2020), 167–8, 172.
32.
Brett Holman, The Next War in the Air: Britain’s Fear of the Bomber, 1908–1941 (London: Routledge, 2016), 26; Arthur J. Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow: The Royal Navy in the Fisher Era, 1904–1919, Vol. 2 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 151.
33.
Lewis, ‘Spatial Agency’, 144; Brian Hoyle, ‘Fields of Tension: Development Dynamics at the Port-City Interface’ in Port Jews: Jewish Communities in Cosmopolitan Maritime Trading Centres, 1550–1950, ed. David Cesarani (London: Frank Cass, 2002), 14.
34.
Isaac Land, ‘Doing Urban History in the Coastal Zone’, in Port Towns and Urban Cultures: International Histories of the Waterfront, c.1700–2000, eds. Brad Beaven, Karl Bell and Robert James (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 267.
35.
Joelle Prungnaud, ‘Writers’ Response to the Architectural Destructions of the Great War’, Journal of War & Culture Studies, 9 (3) (2016), 245.
36.
Sara McDowell, ‘Heritage, Memory and Identity’ in The Ashgate Research Companion to Heritage and Identity, eds. Brian Graham and Peter Howard (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008), 38.
37.
Derek Sayer, ‘The Photograph: The Still Image’ in History Beyond the Text, eds. Sarah Barber and Corinna M. Peniston-Bird (Abingdon: Routledge, 2009), 51.
38.
Witt and McDermott, 89, 111.
39.
Jay Winter and Antoine Prost, The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 104.
40.
F.W. Morrissey, ‘The “Brave” Bombardment’, Hull Daily Mail, 23 December 1914, 5; ‘Jubilation in Germany’, Yorkshire Post, 18 December 1914, 6.
41.
Frederick Miller, Under German Shell-fire: The Hartlepools, Scarborough and Whitby under German Shell-fire (West Hartlepool: Robert Martin, 1915), 93.
42.
Horne and Kramer, 295.
43.
‘The Great War’, Illustrated War News, 30 December 1914, 4.
44.
One advertisement from December 1914 quotes a price of one penny for single bombardment postcards. This was around the price of a postage stamp. See Scarborough Mercury, 24 December 1914, 7.
45.
‘Bombardment Photographs’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 9 April 1915, 6.
46.
Evert Vandeweghe, ‘Making History: The Destruction and (Re)construction of Old Belgian Towns during and after the First World War’ in Architecture and Armed Conflict: The Politics of Destruction, eds. J.M. Mancini and Keith Bresnahan (Abingdon: Routledge, 2015), 182–97.
47.
Sophie de Shaepdrijver, ‘Occupation, Propaganda and the Idea of Belgium’ in European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda, 1914–1918, eds. Aviel Roshwald and Richard Stites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 268.
48.
John Fraser, ‘Propaganda on the Picture Postcard’, Oxford Art Journal, 3 (2) (1980), 39.
49.
Ibid., 42.
50.
Peter Grant, Philanthropy and Voluntary Action in the First World War: Mobilizing Charity (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014), 6; Sandra Camarda, ‘Land of the Red Soil: War Ruins and Industrial Landscapes in Luxembourg’ in Landscapes of the First World War, eds. Selena Daly, Martina Salvante and Vanda Wilcox (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018), 111.
51.
This amounts to 65 individual postcards in total. The majority relate to ‘The Hartlepools’ and Scarborough. See LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/1, postcard collection; HAPMG, 1981.44, postcard folder.
52.
Julia Gillen, ‘Writing Edwardian Postcards’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 17 (4) (2013), 488–89.
53.
Frank Staff, The Picture Postcard and its Origins (London: Lutterworth Press, 1979), 64.
54.
David Prochaska, ‘Thinking Postcards’, Visual Resources, 17 (2001), 394; Ceri Price, ‘Tokens of Renewal: The Picture Postcard as a Secular Relic of Re-creation and Recreation’, Culture and Religion, 14 (1) (2013), 116.
55.
Saunders, Trench Art, 45.
56.
Sharon Macdonald, ‘Collecting Practices’ in A Companion to Museum Studies, ed. Sharon Macdonald (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), 82, 90.
57.
Staff, Picture Postcard, 64; Michael Reeve, ‘Special Needs, Cheerful Habits: Smoking and the Great War in Britain, 1914–18’, Cultural and Social History, 13 (4) (2016), 495.
58.
eBay seller ‘maysmiscellany16’, postmarked Scarborough, c. 1916 (accessed 14 November 2017).
59.
Jessica Meyer, Men of War: Masculinity and the First World War in Britain (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 16–17.
60.
Imperial War Museum (IWM), Department of Documents, Documents.16285, P. Thornton to Enid Ormiston, 22 April 1916; LC, LIDDLE/WW1/GS/0603A, L.W. Gamble to Elsie Gamble, 9 April 1916.
61.
Meyer, Men of War, 17.
62.
eBay seller ‘serendipitypostcardsandstamps’, postmarked Plymouth, 21 October 1915 (accessed 14 November 2017).
63.
eBay seller ‘pezcemp’, postmarked Souilly, c. 1915 (accessed 14 November 2017).
64.
Wellington, Exhibiting War, 19–20.
65.
Prochaska, 384, 391; Peter Borsay, A History of Leisure: The British Experience since 1500 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 176.
66.
Prochaska, 384, 391.
67.
LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/8, ‘The German Raid on the Hartlepools’, c. 1915.
68.
Prochaska, 391.
69.
LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/1, postcard collection; Hartlepool Museums and Galleries (HAPMG), 1981.44, postcard folder.
70.
Ancestry.com, 1914 Kelly’s Directory of Durham, 251; ‘Zepp. Raid on the North-East Coast’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 8 December 1916, 1.
71.
Ancestry.com, Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911.
72.
‘Bombardment Photographs’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 9 April 1915, 6.
73.
‘Bombardment Day Souvenirs’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 14 December 1915, 4.
74.
Robert Southall, Take Me Back to Dear Old Blighty: The First World War Through the Eyes of the Heraldic China Manufacturers (Horndean: Milestone, 1982), 79; ‘Rare Model of Scarborough Lighthouse with Blackened Holes by Carlton China’; ‘Model of Submarine by Carlton China, inscribed ‘E9’, (Hull)’, Dreweatts’ Auction Catalogue, 26 February 2013, 6, 34. Available: http://www.dreweatts.com/media/dreweatts/auctions/20575.pdf (accessed 25 September 2017).
75.
Southall, Take Me Back, 7.
76.
Simon Morgan, ‘Material Culture and the Politics of Personality in Early Victorian England’, Journal of Victorian Culture, 17 (2) (2012), 132–3.
77.
‘The Bombardment of Scarborough: An Issue of Commemoration Medals’, Scarborough Mercury, 23 June 1915; Gregory, Last Great War, 61; Scarborough Collections, care of Scarborough Museums Trust (SMT), 177.056, token of 1914 bombardment.
78.
‘Bombardment Medals: Have you got one yet?’, Scarborough Mercury, 30 June 1915, 4.
79.
David Monger, Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain: The National War Aims Committee and Civilian Morale (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2012), 114.
80.
Michael Reeve, ‘“The Darkest Town in England”: Patriotism and Anti-German Sentiment in Hull, 1914–19’, International Journal of Regional and Local History, 12 (1) (2017), 49.
81.
NYCRO, Z.629, The German Raid on Whitby (Whitby: Abbey Press, 1915).
82.
‘The Wreck of the “Rohilla”’, Whitby Gazette, 27 November 1914, 10.
83.
‘The “Rohilla Disaster”’, Whitby Gazette, 8 June 1917, 4.
84.
Redford, ‘The Royal Navy, Sea Blindness and British National Identity’ in Maritime History and Identity: The Sea and Culture in the Modern World, ed. Duncan Redford (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014), 67.
85.
NYCRO, Z.629, The German Raid on Whitby (Whitby: Abbey Press, 1915).
86.
Ibid.
87.
Horne and Kramer, 217; Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction, 27; Bevan, Destruction of Memory, 117.
88.
‘The Usual German Target!’, Illustrated War News, 23 December 1914, 9.
89.
Ibid.
90.
Panikos Panayi, ‘An Intolerant Act by an Intolerant Society: The Internment of Germans in Britain during the First World War’ in The Internment of Aliens in Twentieth Century Britain, eds. David Cesarani and Tony Kushner (London: Cass, 1993), 71.
91.
Camarda, ‘War Ruins’, 106; Niamh M. Moore, ‘Valorizing Urban Heritage? Redevelopment in a Changing City’ in Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity: New Perspectives on the Cultural Landscape, eds. Niamh Moore and Yvonne Whelan (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 97.
92.
‘Some Achievements of German “Kultur”’, The Sphere, 14 November 1914, 29.
93.
‘The “Brave” Bombardment’, Hull Daily Mail, 23 December 1914, 5.
94.
‘“Invasion” of Ayton’, Scarborough Mercury, 15 January 1915, 7.
95.
Horne and Kramer, 214, 217.
96.
‘Bombardment of Three East Coast Towns’, The Sphere, 26 December 1914, 302–3.
97.
The Graphic, 26 December 1914, 9.
98.
‘The Third Town Shelled by the Germans’, The Graphic, 26 December 1914, 10; Cædmon, who resided at Whitby Abbey, is the earliest known vernacular English poet. See E.G. Stanley, ‘Cædmon (fl. c.670)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, 2004, http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/4321 (accessed 22 Nov 2017).
99.
Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction, 18–19.
100.
Leanne Green, ‘Advertising War: Picturing Belgium in First World War Publicity’, Media, War & Conflict, 7 (3) (2014), 322.
101.
Illustrated London News, 26 December 1914, 9–11.
102.
‘Special Sketches of the German Raid on East Coast’, Illustrated Police News, 24 December 1914, 8–9.
103.
Scarborough Library (hereafter SL), Uncatalogued Bombardment File (hereafter UBF), ‘Dangerous parts of the town. Damaged through Bombardment’ (n.d.).
104.
‘Bombardment of Scarborough’, Scarborough Mercury, 28 May 1915, 1.
105.
‘The Bookshop Bulletin’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 6 June 1919, 4.
106.
Price, ‘Tokens of Renewal’, 113.
107.
Staff, Picture Postcard, 70.
108.
Derek Sayer, ‘The Photograph’, 59; Kodak advertisement, Hull Daily Mail, 8 September 1911.
109.
Prochaska, 391.
110.
LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/1, postcard collection.
111.
‘Minesweeping in the North Sea’, Newcastle Evening Chronicle, 30 March 1918.
112.
Tom Hulme, ‘“A Nation Depends on its Children”: School Buildings and Citizenship in England and Wales, 1900–1939’, Journal of British Studies, 54 (2015), 412.
113.
Rosalind Kennedy, The Children’s War: Britain, 1914–1918 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 7.
114.
Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (London: Penguin, 2003), 23; As in Roland Barthes’s words from Camera Lucida: ‘Whatever it grants to vision and whatever its manner, a photograph is always invisible: it is not it that we see. In short, the referent adheres’. See Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography (New York: Hill & Wang, 1981), 6.
115.
Frank Staff, Picture Postcard, 64; John K. Walton, ‘Port and Resort: Symbiosis and Conflict in ‘Old Whitby’, England, since 1880’ in Resorts and Ports: European Seaside Towns since 1700, eds. Peter Borsay and John K. Walton (London: Channel View, 2011), 132; Allan Brodie, ‘Scarborough in the 1730s – Spa, Sea and Sex’, Journal of Tourism History, 4 (2) (2012), 125.
116.
Kramer, 236; Wellington, 67.
117.
Deian Hopkin, ‘Domestic Censorship in the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, 5 (4) (1970), 156; Gregory, Last Great War, 55; Monger, Patriotism, 25.
118.
TNA, ADM 1/8397/370, Defence of the Realm Regulations, 12 August 1914.
119.
Keil, ‘States of Exception: Emergency Government and ‘Enemies Within’ in Britain and Germany during the First World War’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Northumbria University, 2014), 115–17.
120.
John Horne, ‘Remobilizing for ‘Total War’: France and Britain, 1917–1918’ in State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 195; Monger, Patriotism, 24.
121.
Keil, 118, 124.
122.
IWM, Books & Publications Dept., LBY K. 12/903, Lawrence Wright and Worton David, Are we downhearted? No! (London: Lawrence Wright Music Co., 1914); ‘Are we downhearted?: Survivors’ shout as they left for Portsmouth’, The People, 14 March 1915, 10.
123.
Bridgeman Images, LLE818362, ‘Are We Downhearted? No!!’ (colour lithograph), English School, c. 1911; Pat Thane, Foundations of the Welfare State (Harlow: Longman, 1996), 79–80.
124.
‘Are we downhearted? No!’, The Bystander, 31 October 1906, 1; McGill, Donald, ‘The Suffragettes are we downhearted? No!’, c. 1905–7, Ann Lewis Women’s Suffrage Collection, https://lewissuffragecollection.omeka.net/items/show/2116 (accessed 22 September 2017).
125.
‘The Spirit of the Town’, Scarborough Pictorial, 30 December 1914, 5.
126.
For example, ‘Lord Kitchener quite unshaken by the bombardment of the east coast towns’, The Sketch, 23 December 1914, front page.
127.
‘The Allies’, Illustrated London News, 12 June 1915, 15. In this example, Maud Earl’s painting depicts the Allied nations as dogs: ‘The Japanese Spaniel; The Belgian Griffon; The Russian Borzoi; The French Bulldog; and The British Bulldog’.
128.
Antony Easthope, Englishness and National Culture (London: Routledge, 1999), 154.
129.
Proctor, Civilians, 29.
130.
Matthew Hilton, ‘Advertising the Modernist Aesthetic of the Marketplace? The Cultural Relationship Between the Tobacco Manufacturer and the ‘Mass’ of Consumers in Britain, 1870–1940’ in Meanings of Modernity: Britain from the Late-Victorian Era to World War II, eds. Martin Daunton and Bernhard Rieger (Oxford: Berg, 2001), 46; Steve Baker, ‘Describing Images of the National Self: Popular Accounts of the Construction of Pictorial Identity in the First World War Poster’, Oxford Art Journal, 13 (2) (1990), 24.
131.
‘Zeppelin Attacks’, Hull Daily Mail, 22 January 1915, 5.
132.
NYCRO, ZW (M) 18/12, ‘Bombardment or Raids’ notice, Emergency Committee for the Whitby Petty Sessional Division, 7 October 1915.
133.
NYCRO, QP (MIC 1392): NR Constabulary books 1857–1920, 6 March 1916.
134.
‘Proclamation: Naval Bombardment’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 16 December 1914, 1.
135.
Witt and McDermott, 135; Teesside Archives (TA), OA/311, Oral Histories Collection, R. Hunter.
136.
SL, UBC, Edward Willis to H.W. Smith, 19 December 1914.
137.
SL, UBC, H.W. Smith to Edward Willis, 21 December 1914; H.W. Smith to Edward Willis, 23 December 1914.
138.
SL, UBC, Edward Willis to H.W. Smith, 24 December 1914.
139.
SL, UBC, H.W. Smith to Joseph H. Hirst, 29 December 1914.
140.
SL, UBC, H.W. Smith to Camberwell borough engineer, 11 January 1915.
141.
‘Relic of the Scarborough Bombardment: A Shelled Piano’, Hull Daily Mail, 12 March 1915, 3; ‘Shelled Piano’, Hull Daily Mail, 19 March 1915, 2.
142.
‘The Bombardment: A Shell in a China Shop’, Scarborough Mercury, 12 February 1915, 3.
143.
Hartlepool Central Library (HCL), County Borough of West Hartlepool minutes, Jan–Dec 1914, Public Library Committee, 30 December 1914, 11.
144.
HCL, County Borough of West Hartlepool minutes, 1916, Public Library Committee, 29 March 1916, 99.
145.
HAPMG, J.A. Charlton Deas, County Borough of West Hartlepool Public Library Committee, An Album of Photographs and Press Cuttings relating to the German Naval Bombardment of the Hartlepools, 16 December 1914 (hereafter ‘Bombardment Scrapbook’), I.J. Robinson Auctioneer, ‘Bombardment of the Hartlepools’, ‘Schedule of Bombardment Shells’, 16 March 1915.
146.
The National Archives Currency Converter, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/.
147.
HAPMG, ‘Bombardment Scrapbook’, ‘Schedule of Bombardment Shells’.
148.
HCL, County Borough of West Hartlepool minutes, 1918 minutes, Public Library Committee, 27 March 1918, 119.
149.
‘Bombardment Photographs’, Hartlepool Northern Daily Mail, 25 March 1915, 4.
150.
This image was also published as a postcard, including the caption: ‘Bombardment of West Hartlepool. Pieces of what look like a 12-in. shell’. See LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/1.
151.
‘Local Retrospect For 1915’, Scarborough Mercury, 31 December 1915, 6.
152.
‘A Bombardment Museum’, Scarborough Pictorial, 18 June 1915, 5.
153.
‘The Scarborough Bombardment’, Yorkshire Evening Post, 17 December 1914, 3.
154.
Alex King, Memorials of the Great War in Britain: The Symbolism and Politics of Remembrance (Oxford: Berg, 1998), 44–5.
155.
‘Bombardment Relic’, Scarborough Pictorial, 29 September 1915, 5.
156.
LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/8, ‘The German Raid on the Hartlepools’, c. 1915.
157.
Wellington, 22–3.
158.
Ibid.
159.
Saunders, ‘Materiality, Space and Distance in the First World War’ in Modern Conflict and the Senses, eds. Nicholas J. Saunders and Paul Cornish (London: Routledge, 2017), 37.
160.
Darko Dimitrovski, Vladimir Senić, Dražen Marić & Veljko Marinković, ‘Commemorative Events at Destination Memorials – A Dark (Heritage) Tourism Context’, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23 (8) (2017), 696.
161.
Ernest E. Taylor, The ‘Handy’ Guide Series: Scarborough and Yorkshire Coast (Darlington: “Northern Echo”, 1919), 21; op cit., 1921 edition, 19; op. cit., 1923 edition, 23.
162.
Ibid., 1919 edition, 11.
163.
Gregory, 56.
164.
Miller, Shell-fire, 49.
165.
Vandeweghe, ‘Making History’, 186–92.
166.
Richard Espley, ‘“How much of an ‘experience’ do we want the public to receive?”: Trench Reconstructions and Popular Images of the Great War’ in British Popular Culture and the First World War, ed. Jessica Meyer (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 326.
167.
David W. Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism: Pilgrimage and the Commemoration of the Great War in Britain, Australia and Canada, 1919–1939 (Oxford: Berg, 1998), 112–13l; Jay Winter, War Beyond Words: Languages of Remembrance from the Great War to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 122.
168.
Lloyd, Battlefield Tourism, 102–3, 114.
169.
John K. Walton, ‘Leisure Towns in Wartime: The Impact of the First World War in Blackpool and San Sebastián’, Journal of Contemporary History, 31 (4) (1996), 604; Stephen Miles, ‘Sensorial Engagement in Tourism Experiences on the Western Front’ in Modern Conflict and the Senses, eds. Nicholas J. Saunders and Paul Cornish (London: Routledge, 2017), 76–92; Haldrup and Larsen, ‘Material Cultures’, 278, 280.
170.
Espley, 326–9; ‘“The Better ‘Ole”’, Hull Daily Mail, 8 November 1917, 4.
171.
‘“The Better ‘Ole”’, Hull Daily Mail, 8 November 1917, 4.
172.
‘Zeppelin Relics in Hull’, Hull Daily Mail, 6 April 1916, 4; ‘The Capture of Zeppelin “L15” Off the Kentish Coast’, The Sphere, 8 April 1916, 32.
173.
‘Zeppelin Relics in Hull’, Hull Daily Mail, 6 April 1916, 4.
174.
Ibid.
175.
HHC, City and County of Kingston Upon Hull Municipal Corporation and Urban Sanitary Authority, Minutes and Proceedings of Committees 1917–18, Property Committee, Museum and Records Sub-Committee, 17 December 1918, 12–13; op. cit. 14 January 1919, 29; op. cit. 17 April 1919, 94.
176.
LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/1. The postcard is not dated or postmarked and no other form of advertisement for the small exhibition appears to have survived.
177.
“Kultur”, Scarborough Pictorial, 2 June 1915, 11; Saunders, Trench Art, 45.
178.
“Kultur”, Scarborough Pictorial, 2 June 1915, 11.
179.
LC, LIDDLE/WW1/DF/GA/SBH/1, postcard collection.
180.
Saunders, Trench Art, 50.
181.
Ibid., 45.
182.
SMT, TSH: 2017.225, ‘Iron Cross’ medal.
183.
HAPMG, ‘Bombardment Scrapbook’, Item 5885; Ancestry.com, Census Returns of England and Wales, 1911.
184.
Saunders, 50; HAPMG, uncatalogued, shell fragment with attached plaque (‘German Shell. Hartlepools Bombardment. Dec. 16. 1914’).
185.
SMT, TSH: 1983.1, shell fragment; TSH: 2017.230, mounted German shell fragment.
186.
‘Bombardment of Scarborough’, Scarborough Mercury, 28 May 1915, 1; ‘Wanted to Purchase: An Empty German Shell’, Scarborough Mercury, 1 January 1915, 5.
187.
Scarborough Mercury, 3 December 1915, 5.
188.
Pierre Purseigle, ‘A Very French Debate: The 1914–1918 ‘War Culture”, Journal of War & Culture Studies, 1 (1) (2007), 10.
189.
Audoin-Rouzeau and Becker, 58.
190.
Michael Sanders and Philip M. Taylor, British Propaganda during the First World War, 1914–18 (London: Macmillan, 1982), 2.
191.
Price, 113.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Bishop Grosseteste University, Lincoln, UK
Michael Reeve

Authors

Michael Reeve
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reeve, M. (2021). Representing War Damage and Destruction Following Bombardment. In: Bombardment, Public Safety and Resilience in English Coastal Communities during the First World War. Global Studies in Social and Cultural Maritime History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86851-2_6

Download citation

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86851-2_6
Published: 01 January 2022
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-86850-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-86851-2
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics