Skip to main content

Cuneiform Exceptionalism?

Justifying the Study and Publication of Unprovenanced Cuneiform Tablets from Iraq

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Crime and Art

Part of the book series: Studies in Art, Heritage, Law and the Market ((SAHLM,volume 1))

Abstract

Through the 1990s and 2000s thousands of cuneiform tablets were looted from archaeological sites in Iraq and acquired by private collectors. Since then, scholars with expertise in reading cuneiform inscriptions (who call themselves Assyriologists) have been studying and publishing the texts. This scholarly engagement with what is generally understood to be illicitly-traded material has been controversial, and many Assyriologists have made public statements justifying their work. This chapter presents a brief overview of the controversy over publication, before using Luc Boltanski and Laurent Thévenot’s theory of justification to examine the justificatory statements of Assyriologists for what they reveal about their reasons for engaging with illicitly-traded material. The chapter concludes by considering the harms such scholarship might cause to Iraq.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alster, B. (2007). Sumerian proverbs in the Schøyen collection. CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alstola, T. (2020). Judeans in Babylonia. Brill.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ASOR. (2019). Policy on professional conduct. American Society of Overseas Research. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://www.asor.org/about-asor/policies/policy-on-professional-conduct/

  • Atwood, R. (2003, September/October). Day of the vulture. Mother Jones. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from http://motherjones.com/politics/2003/09/day-vulture

  • Bahrani, Z. (1998). Conjuring Mesopotamia: Imaginative geography and a world past. In L. Meskell (Ed.), Archaeology under fire (pp. 159–174). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. W., Ismael, T., & Ismael, T. Y. (2010). Cultural cleansing in Iraq. Pluto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkan, E. (2002). Amending historical injustices: The restitution of cultural property–an overview. In E. Barkan & R. Bush (Eds.), Claiming the stones/naming the bones: Cultural property and the negotiation of national and ethnic identity (pp. 16–50). Getty Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barkan, E. (2009). Introduction: Historians and historical reconciliation. American Historical Review, 114(4), 899–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardsson, M. (2005). Reclaiming a plundered past. University of Texas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boardman, J. (2009). Archaeologists, collectors, and museums. In J. Cuno (Ed.), Whose culture? The promise of museums and the debate over antiquities (pp. 107–124). Princeton University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, L. (2011). On critique. A sociology of emancipation. Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, L., & Thévenot, L. (1999). The sociology of critical capacity. European Journal of Social Theory, 2(3), 359–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boltanski, L., & Thévenot, L. (2006). On justification: Economies of worth. Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Breitkopf, S. (2006, November/December). A reflection of the chaos: Iraq’s cultural heritage in crisis. Museum News.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, N. (2006). The plunder of Iraq’s archaeological heritage, 1991–2005, and the London antiquities trade. In N. Brodie, M. M. Kersel, C. Luke, & K. W. Tubb (Eds.), Archaeology, cultural heritage, and the antiquities trade (pp. 206–226). University Press of Florida.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, N. (2008a). The western market in Iraqi antiquities. In L. Rothfield (Ed.), Antiquities under siege: Cultural heritage protection after the Iraq war (pp. 63–74). AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, N. (2008b). The market background to the April 2003 plunder of the Iraq National Museum. In P. Stone & J. Farchakh Bajjaly (Eds.), The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq (pp. 41–54). Boydell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, N. (2009). Consensual relations? Academic involvement in the illegal trade in ancient manuscripts. In P. Green & S. Mackenzie (Eds.), Criminology and archaeology: Studies in looted antiquities (pp. 41–58). Hart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, N. (2011). Scholarship and insurgency? The study and trade of Iraqi antiquities. Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://traffickingculture.org/publications/brodie-neil-2011–scholarship-and-insurgency-the-study-and-trade-of-iraqi-antiquities-in-illicit-traffic-of-cultural-objects-law-ethics-and-the-realities-an-institute-of-advanced-studies-works/

  • Brodie, N. (2016). Scholarly engagement with collections of unprovenanced ancient texts. In K. Almqvist & L. Belfrage (Eds.), Cultural heritage at risk (pp. 123–142). Ax:son Johnson Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodie, N. (2020). Restorative justice? Questions arising out of the Hobby Lobby return of cuneiform tablets to Iraq. Revista Memória em Rede, 12, 87–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherry, J. (2014). Publishing undocumented texts: Editorial perspectives. In M. Rutz & M. M. Kersel (Eds.), Archaeologies of text: Archaeology, technology and ethics (pp. 227–244). Oxbow.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn, P. (2016). Age of Jihad: Islamic State and the Great War for the Middle East. Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, J.S. (2014). Cuneiform exceptionalism: An argument for studying and publishing unprovenanced tablets. The Ancient Near East Today, 2(2). Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://www.asor.org/anetoday/2014/02/cuneiform-exceptionalism-an-argument-for-studying-and-publishing-unprovenanced-tablets/

  • Dalley, S. (2009). Babylonian tablets from the first sealand dynasty in the Schøyen collection. CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dalley, S. (2014, 25 March). Institutions should moderate their rule on looted objects. National.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elia, R. (1993). A seductive and troubling work. Archaeology, 46(1), 64–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emberling, G., & Hanson, K. (Eds.). (2008). Catastrophe! The Looting and Destruction of Iraq’s Past. University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Englund, R.K. (2009). The smell of the cage. Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 21, August. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://cdli.ucla.edu/files/publications/cdlj2009_004.pdf

  • Farchakh Bajjaly, J. (2008). Will Mesopotamia survive the war? The continuous destruction of Iraq’s archaeological sites. In P. Stone & J. Farchakh Bajjaly (Eds.), The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq (pp. 135–142). Boydell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, S. (2014). Versions of academic freedom. University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Földi, Z. (2017). Cuneiform tablets and the antiquities market: The archives from Dūr-Abī-ešuḫ. Distant Worlds Journal, 2, 7–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, B. R., Foster, K. P., & Gerstenblith, P. (2005). Iraq beyond the headlines: History, archaeology and war. World Scientific.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Friberg, J. (2007). A remarkable collection of Babylonian mathematical texts. Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • George, A. R. (2009). Babylonian literary texts in the Schøyen collection. CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • George, A. R. (2017). Assyrian archival texts in the Schøyen collection and other documents from North Mesopotamia and Syria. CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerstenblith, P. (2014). Do restrictions on publication of undocumented texts promote legitimacy? In M. Rutz & M. M. Kersel (Eds.), Archaeologies of text: Archaeology, technology and ethics (pp. 214–226). Oxbow.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gill, D., & Chippindale, C. (1993). Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures. American Journal of Archaeology, 97, 601–659.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isakhan, B. (2011). Targeting the symbolic dimension of Baathist Iraq: Cultural destruction, historical memory, and national identity. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 4, 257–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kathem, M. (2020). Cultural (dis)continuity, political trajectories and the state in post-2003 Iraq. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(2), 163–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kathem, M., & Ali, D. K. (2020). Decolonising Babylon. International Journal of Heritage Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2020.1858140

  • Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern. Prentice Hall/Harvester.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maiocchi, M. (2010). The Sargonic “archive” of Me-sag, cup-bearer of Adab. In L. Kogan, N. Koslova, S. Loesov, & S. Tishchenko (Eds.), City administration in the ancient near east (pp. 141–152). Eisenbraun.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R., Rasheed, Q. H., Palmero Fernández, M., Fobbe, S., Nováček, K., Mohammed-Amin, R., Mühl, S., & Richardson, A. (2020). Heritage and cultural healing: Iraq in a post-Daesh era. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 26(2), 120–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miyoshi, M. (2000). Ivory tower in Escrow. Boundary 2, 27(1), 7–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molina, M. (2020). The looting of Ur III tablets after the Gulf Wars. In W. Sommerfeld (Ed.), Dealing with antiquity: Past, present & future (pp. 323–352). Ugarit.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monaco, S. F. (2016). Archaic cuneiform tablets from private collections. CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nabeel, G. (2021, 16 February). Fewer young Iraqis choose to study archaeology. Al-Fanar Media. February. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2021/02/fewer-young-iraqis-choose-to-study-archaeology/?fbclid=IwAR1mZMYj52LGrhZ1UloNo662PJeWECW5Tsjoy5ykaL1QfrerOTAJW5K8Z5M

  • Owen, D. (2007). Preface. In B. Alster (Ed.), Sumerian proverbs in the Schøyen collection (p. vii). CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (2009). Censoring knowledge: The case for the publication of unprovenanced cuneiform tablets. In J. Cuno (Ed.), Whose culture? The promise of museums and the debate over antiquities (pp. 125–142). Princeton University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (2010). Garšana Studies. CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (2013a) Cuneiform texts primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-ŠarrĀkī and the history of the Ur III Period. Volume 1: Commentary and indexes. Bethesda: CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (2013b). To publish or not to publish—That Is the question. In D. Owen (Ed.), Cuneiform texts primarily from Iri-Saĝrig/Āl-ŠarrĀkī and the history of the Ur III Period. Volume 1: Commentary and indexes (pp. 335–356). CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. (2015). Preface. In F. Pomponio & G. Visicato (Eds.), Middle sargonic tablets chiefly from Adab in the Cornell University Collections (p. vii). CDL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothfield, L. (Ed.). (2008). Antiquities under siege: Cultural heritage protection after the Iraq War. AltaMira.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaheed, F. (2013). Report of the Special Rapporteur in the Field of Cultural Rights. United Nations, New York. Retrieved June 14, 21021, from https://undocs.org/en/A/68/296

  • Shyllon, F. (1998). The right to a cultural past: African viewpoints. In H. Nieć (Ed.), Cultural rights and wrongs (pp. 103–119). UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, K. (1998). UNESCO and cultural rights. In H. Nieć (Ed.), Cultural rights and wrongs (pp. 146–160). UNESCO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sissons, M., & Al-Saiedi, A. (2013). A bitter legacy: Lessons of de-baathification in Iraq. New York: International Center for Transitional Justice. Retrieved June 14, 2021, from https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Iraq-De-Baathification-2013-ENG.pdf

  • Stone, E. (2008). Archaeological site looting: The destruction of cultural heritage in southern Iraq. In G. Emberling & K. Hanson (Eds.), Catastrophe! The looting and destruction of Iraq’s past (pp. 65–80). University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, P., & Farchakh Bajjaly, J. (Eds.). (2008). The destruction of cultural heritage in Iraq. Boydell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westenholz, A. (2010). Illicit cuneiform tablets. Heirlooms or stolen goods? In A. Kleinerman & J. M. Sasson (Eds.), Why should someone who knows something conceal it? Cuneiform studies in honor of David I. Owen on his 70th Birthday (pp. 257–266). CDL.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Neil Brodie .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Brodie, N. (2021). Cuneiform Exceptionalism?. In: Oosterman, N., Yates, D. (eds) Crime and Art. Studies in Art, Heritage, Law and the Market, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84856-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84856-9_7

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-84855-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-84856-9

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics