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Genetic Improvement of Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.)

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Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops

Abstract

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. is commonly known as asparagus bean, Chinese long bean, long-podded cowpea, pea bean, snake bean or yardlong bean, and is an underexploited crop with rich nutritional value. Yardlong bean has evolved and was domesticated from cowpea but differs phenotypically as a result of divergent selection. This crop has its origin in Southeast Asia and its habitat in Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. It is a warm season crop and besides being a food source, it is used as an ornamental plant and for fodder. Ample germplasm diversity exists in this crop. Major commercial varieties were developed by pure line selection. At present, other breeding methods and principles have limited scope. The presence of genetic diversity in this crop needs to be studied with molecular tools. DNA marker analysis with RAPDs, SSRs and SNPs has begun in yardlong bean. However, genomic studies need to be further developed for the construction of high-density genetic maps and application of modern biotechnology tools. This chapter is an overview of yardlong bean origin, evolution and domestication, general cultivation practices, germplasm biodiversity, characterization, conservation strategies, world and Indian gene banks, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and crop improvement strategies including conventional breeding, biotechnology, tissue culture and micropropagation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Horticulture, Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Saidaiah Pidigam, Vishnukiran Thuraga, Srivani Adimulam & Srinivas Nimmarajula

  2. ICAR-NBPGR Regional Station, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

    Someswar Rao Pandravada, Sivaraj Natarajan & Kamala Venkateswaran

  3. College of Agriculture, Professor Jayashanakar Telangana State Agricultural University, Palem, Nagarkurnool District, Telangana, India

    Geetha Amarapalli

Authors
  1. Saidaiah Pidigam
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  3. Someswar Rao Pandravada
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  4. Sivaraj Natarajan
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  5. Srivani Adimulam
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  7. Srinivas Nimmarajula
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

    Jameel M. Al-Khayri

  2. Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    S. Mohan Jain

  3. Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Dennis V. Johnson

Appendices

Appendices

1.1 Appendix I: Popular Varieties/Cultivars of Yardlong Bean with Traits Under Cultivation in Australia, South and Southeast Asia and Africa

Varietal Identification No.

Country

Trait

Growth Habitat

Pod Color

Flower Color

Seed Color

VI034177

Australia

ILCA O#77253 (REYCALOONA)

Twining

Violet

Pale tan or straw

Tan with brown saddle

VI047698

Bangladesh

BARBARI

Twining

Mauve pink

Pale tan or straw

Brown and tan

VI047713

Bangladesh

BARBARI

Twining

Mauve pink

Pale tan or straw

Brown with whitish color at top end

VI034170

China

Green tail

Twining

Violet

Pale tan or straw

Mixture

VI034176

Ethiopia

VAR TVU 1977-OD

Twining

White

Pale tan or straw

Tan with brown saddle

VI055597

Laos

THUA NAO

Twining

Violet

Pale tan or straw

Black

VI055635

Laos

THEUA NHAG

Twining

Mauve pink

Dark tan

Red with brown mottles

VI034393

Malaysia

MPK-4

Twining

Dark tan

Mauve pink

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI034394

Malaysia

MPK-5

Twining

Dark tan

Mauve pink

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI034408

Malaysia

RED TAIL

Twining

Violet

Dark tan

Red

VI034416

Malaysia

Snake bean

Twining

White

Dark brown

White

VI034426

Malaysia

BALATONG (DUSUN)

Twining

Violet

Dark tan

Mixture

VI034439

Malaysia

EX-S’KAN

Twining

White

Dark brown

Tan with black saddle

VI034440

Malaysia

T.S.3

Twining

Mauve pink

Dark tan

Mixture

VI034416

Malaysia

Snake bean

Twining

White

Dark brown

White

VI034426

Malaysia

BALATONG (DUSUN)

Twining

Violet

Dark tan

Mixture

VI034441

Malaysia

T.S.6

Twining

White

Pale tan or straw

Red with whitish color at one end

VI034442

Malaysia

T.S.9

Twining

Mauve pink

Pale tan or straw

Black

VI034494

Malaysia

MKP4

Twining

Mauve pink

Dark tan

Red with whitish color at one end

VI034495

Malaysia

MKP5

Twining

Mauve pink

Dark tan

Red with whitish color at top end

VI034553

Malaysia

TAIWAN VAR

Twining

White

Dark brown

White

VI034554

Malaysia

BANGKOK VAR

Twining

White

Pale tan or straw

Red with whitish color at one end

VI034184

Mali

MALI#79114

Twining

Violet

Pale tan or straw

Tan

VI057925

Nepal

BODI

Twining

White

Pale tan or straw

Tan

VI034247

Nigeria

IT-82E-18

Twining

White

Pale tan or straw

Mixture

VI034252

Nigeria

N#82237 TVU1476

Twining

Violet

Pale tan or straw

Tan with purple mottles

VI034395

Philippines

CSL-14

Twining

Dark tan

Violet

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI034397

Philippines

CSL-19

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI036252

Philippines

BALATONG

Twining

Dark tan

Violet

Brown

VI041733

Philippines

SITAO

Twining

Dark tan

Violet

Mixture

VI041717

Philippines

SITAO

Twining

Violet

Dark tan

Red

VI034396

Philippines

CSL-16

Twining

White

*Pale tan/straw

Red with whitish color at one end

VI034398

Philippines

SANDIGAN

Twining

Mauve pink

Pale tan/straw

Red with whitish color at one end

VI034378

Philippines

EGPS 45-0-11

Twining

Violet

Dark tan

Brown

VI045112

Surinam

SIDOREDJO

Twining

Violet

Pale tan or straw

Red with brown mottled

VI040004

Thailand

THUA PEE

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Violet

Black

VI040032

Thailand

THUA NUEA

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Violet

Red

VI040606

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Violet

Red

VI040625

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan/straw

Mauve pink

Brown

VI040705

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI040726

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan/straw

Mauve pink

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI040748

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Brown with whitish color at one end

VI040777

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan

Mauve pink

Red with whitish color at one end

VI040695

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Mixture

Mauve pink

Mixture

VI040828

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Dark tan

Mauve pink

Mixture

VI040862

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Dark brown

Mauve pink

Red with whitish color at one end

VI040886

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Dark tan

Mauve pink

Red

VI040938

Thailand

THUA-PAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Red with whitish color at one end

VI040997

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Mixture

VI041016

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Mixture

VI041057

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Red with whitish color at one end

VI041070

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Mixture

VI041074

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Mauve pink

Red with whitish color at one end

VI040004

Thailand

THUA PEE

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Violet

Black

VI040032

Thailand

THUA NUEA

Twining

Pale tan or straw

Violet

Red

VI041098

Thailand

THUA-FAK-YAAO

Twining

Pale tan or Straw

Mauve pink

Mixture

VI045927

Vietnam

DAU HOANG DAO

Twining

Mauve pink

Pale tan or straw

Tan

VI045931

Vietnam

DAU DUA

Twining

Mauve pink

Pale tan or straw

Red

1.2 Appendix II: List of Yardlong Bean Crop Improvement Research Institutes in India

Name of the Research Institute

Specialization and Research Activities

Accessibility

World Vegetable Center (Formerly AVRDC), Hyderabad, India

Germplasm storage, evaluation and improvement of yardlong bean

https://avrdc.org/

ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (ICAR-IIHR), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Evaluation and improvement of yardlong bean

https://www.iihr.res.in/

Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University (SKLTSHU), Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Evaluation and improvement of yardlong bean

https://www.skltshu.ac.in

Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Evaluation and improvement of yardlong bean

http://www.kau.in/

ICAR Research complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India

Evaluation and improvement of yardlong bean

http://www.icarrcer.in

ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India

Collection, passport data, conservation and distribution

http://www.nbpgr.ernet.in/

1.3 Appendix III: List of Yardlong Bean Released Varieties in India

Variety

Year and Institute of Release

Habitat

Characteristic Features

Fresh Pod Yield and Maturity Days

Swarna Haritha

2008 – ICAR Research complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India

Pole type

Pure line selection recommended for Jharkhand and Bihar

27.21–31.75 mt/ha, 50–55 days

Pods are dark green, very long (50–60 cm), straight, round and fleshy

Cooking quality is excellent

Seeds are light brown, elongated kidney shaped

Tolerant to mosaic viruses and rust under field conditions

Swarna Sweta

2004 – ICAR Research complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India

Pole type

Pure line selection recommended for Jharkhand and Bihar

22.6–27.21 mt/ha, 50–55 days

Pods are white in color, medium long (30–35 cm), straight round and fleshy with good cocking quality

Resistant to mosaic viruses and rust, Tolerant to pod borer

Swarna Suphala

2006 – ICAR Research complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India

Pole type

Pods are light green in color, medium long (30–35 cm) with bulges at seed positions

22.6–27.21 mt/ha, 50–55 days

Seeds are bicolored (sandalwood color with brown mottling)

Field resistant to cowpea mosaic viruses and field tolerant to pod borer during summer

Recommended for Jharkhand, Bihar, Karnataka and Kerala

Arka Mangala

ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, India

Pole type

Pure line selection for yield

22.6 mt/ha, 60 days

Pods are very long (70–80 cm), string less, crisp, light green in color, tender and easy to snap without parchment

Number of pods per plant are 42

Lola

2001 – Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Pole type

High yielder, pods are long with pale green color

18.14 mt/ha

Seeds are black in color

Vijayanthi

1998 – Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Pole type

A selection from Perumpadavam local (PS) for yield .

11.43 mt/ha

Pods are long with pink color

Vellayani Jyothika

2006 – Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Pole type

A selection from Sreekaryam local yield

17.53 mt/ha

Pods are long with light green color

Githika

2015 – Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Pole type

High yielder with mosaic virus resistance

25.03 mt/ha

Pods are long, thick, and fleshy with light green color

Pods are long (53.4 cm) with reddish-brown seeds

Mithra

2018 – Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur, Kerala, India

Trailing growth habit

High yielder suitable for riverine alluvium of Central Travancore

18.77 mt/ha

Pods are attractive, long (78.6 cm), light green color

Seeds are brown with white speck at one end

Telangana Podugu Bobbarlu

2019 -Sri Konda Laxman Telangana State Horticultural University, Hyderabad, India

Pole type

Pure line selection for good yield

19.95 mt/ha, 76 days

Pods are long, light green color, fleshy with good cocking quality

Tolerant to aphids

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Pidigam, S. et al. (2021). Genetic Improvement of Yardlong Bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc.). In: Al-Khayri, J.M., Jain, S.M., Johnson, D.V. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Vegetable Crops. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66969-0_10

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