Abstract
The success of co-production relies on successful inclusion of the people it’s about, but inherent in ‘inclusive’ are some key challenges caused by the human mind. The chapter offers psychological and anthropological perspectives that can help us understand the dynamics of these, but also enable us to address these. By applying behavioural insights and behavioural design, such as nudging and the change methodology called Inclusion Nudges, we can change hidden barriers to strengths in user and community co-production. This is an argument for applying a new approach to co-production that include the people it’s about without them knowing, but still motivating them to make changes, as well as enabling and empowering them to engage in co-producing better solutions and services. The author argues that inclusive development has to be the norm. It should not be an option—it should be the default by design in everything we do.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Bok, D. (2011). The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Bovaird, T., & Loeffler, E. (Eds.), (2016). Public Management and Governance. London: Routledge.
Cuddy, A.J., Fiske, S., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1): 61–149.
Dardenne, B., & Leyens, J. (1995). Confirmation Bias as a Social Skill. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11): 1229–1239.
Dolan, P., Hallsworth, M., Halpern, D., King, D., & Vlaev, I. (2010). MINDSPACE: Influencing Behaviour through Public Policy. http://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/mindspace. Accessed September 27, 2016.
Gächter, S., Orzen, H., Renner, E., & Starmer, C. (2009). Are Experimental Economists Prone to Framing Effects? A Natural Field Experiment. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 70: 443–446.
Galinsky, A., & Moskowitz, G. (2000). Perspective-Taking: Decreasing Stereotype Expression, Stereotype Accessibility, and In-Group Favoritism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4): 708–724.
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Psychology Press.
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Kepinski, L., & Nielsen, T. (2020). Inclusion Nudges Guidebook. 3rd edition.Aarhus, Denmark: The Inclusion Nudges Global Initiative.
Kruglanski, A.W., Gelfand, M., Bélanger J.J., Sheveland, A., Hetiarachchi, M., & Gunaratna, R. (2014). The Psychology of Radicalization and Deradicalization: How Significance Quest Impacts Violent Extremism. Political Psychology, 35: 69–93.
Loeffler, E., & Bovaird, T. (2016). User and Community Co-Production of Public Services: What Does the Evidence Tell Us? International Journal of Public Administration, November 2016.
Loeffler, E., & Martin, S. (2015). Citizen engagement. In T. Bovaird & E. Loeffler (eds.), Public Management and Governance. 3rd edition. London, UK: Routledge.
Loeffler, E., Parrado, S., Bovaird, T., & van Ryzin, G. (2008). If You Want to Go Fast, Walk Alone: If You Want to Go Far, Walk Together. Citizens and the Co-Production of Public Services. Report to EU Presidency. Paris, France: Ministry of Finance, Budget & Public Services.
Macrae, C.N., Bodenhansen, G.V., Miine, A.B., & Jetten, J. (1994). Out of Mind but Back in Sight: Stereotypes on the Rebound. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 808–817.
Mayer, R. (2008). Learning and Instruction. 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc.
Nickerson, R.S. (1998). Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises. Review of General Psychology, 2(2): 175–220.
Nielsen, T. (2016). Inclusive Co-Design & Behavioural Change Methodology. Graphic Illustration. http://www.movetheelephant.org.
Novembre, G., Zanon, M., & Silani, G. (2015). Empathy for Social Exclusion Involves the Sensory-Discriminative Component of Pain: A Within-Subject fMRI Study. SCAN, 10: 153–164.
OECD. (2017). Behavioural Insights and Public Policy: Lessons from Around the World. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Pestoff, V. (2012). Co-Production and Third Sector Social Services in Europe: Some Crucial Conceptual Issues. In V. Pestoff, T. Brandsen, & B. Verschuere (Eds.), New Public Governance, the Third Sector and Co-Production. London, UK: Routledge.
Pinker, S. (2015). The Village Effect: How Face-to-Face Contact Can Make Us Healthier and Happier. Toronto: Penguin Random House.
Sen, A.(2001). Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stanovich, K.E., & West, R.F. (2000). Individual Difference in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23(5): 645–726.
Sweller, J. (2006). The Worked Example Effect and Human Cognition. Learning and Instruction, 16(2): 165–169.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J.C., Austin, W.G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict. Organizational Identity: A Reader (pp. 56–65). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thaler, R., & Sunstein, C. (2008). Nudge. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, 27, 185(4157): 1124–1131.
World Economic Forum, Global Risk Reports from: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nielsen, T.C. (2021). How to Work More Inclusively with ‘The People It’s About’ to Foster More Inclusive Outcomes: A Behavioural Insight and Behavioural Design Perspective on Co-production. In: Loeffler, E., Bovaird, T. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Co-Production of Public Services and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53705-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53705-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-53704-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-53705-0
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)