Abstract
Detect and avoid (DAA), an essential component to integrate unmanned aircraft (UA) systems into the National Airspace System, focuses largely on developing and enhancing algorithms to assess and define requirements for the loss of well clear with other aircraft in the system. This flight simulation experiment focuses on terminal area alerting capabilities in and around the local airport traffic pattern and seeks to address under which conditions should the DAA system switch between large and small alerting criteria. Piloting differences observed between manned-aircraft and UA pilots while operating a UA in the terminal area in flight simulation are reported in this paper. Data indicate that UA pilots were more comfortable with smaller separations between their UA and other aircraft in the traffic pattern than the manned-aircraft pilots.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
The use of trademarks or names of manufacturers in this report is for accurate reporting and does not constitute an official endorsement, either expressed or implied, of such products or manufacturers by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
References
RTCA, Inc.: UAS Landing Requirements. Requirements from SC-228 committee meeting. SC-228 (2018)
Trujillo, A.C., Jack, D.P., Tsakpinis, D.: En route detect and avoid well clear in terminal area landing pattern (AIAA 2018–2872). In: 2018 Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, AIAA Aviation Forum American institute of aeronautics and astronautics, Atlanta, GA, p. 11 (2018)
Vincent, M.J., Trujillo, A.C., Jack, D.P., Hoffler, K.D., Tsakpinis, D.: A recommended DAA well-clear definition for the terminal environment (AIAA 2018–2873).In: 2018 Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, AIAA Aviation Forum American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Atlanta, GA, p. 13 (2018)
RTCA Special Committee 228: DO-365: Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems. Standards, RTCA, Inc., (2017)
RTCA Special Committee 228: DO-366: Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Air-to-Air Radar Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems Phase 1. Standards, RTCA, Inc., (2017)
Vincent, M.J., Roper, R.D.: Concept of operations for UAS detect-and-avoid in terminal operations. In: NASA (ed.). NASA Langley Res. Cent. Hampton, VA (2018)
Ghatas, R.W., Jack, D.P., Tsakpinis, D., Vincent, M.J., Sturdy, J.L., Muñoz, C.A., Hoffler, K.D., Dutle, A.M., Myer, R.R., DeHaven, A.M., Lewis, E.T., Arthur, K.E.: Unmanned aircraft systems minimum operational performance standards end-to-end verification and validation (E2-V2) simulation. In: Administration, N.A.a.S. (ed.), NASA Langley Res. Cent. Hampton, VA, p. 124 (2017)
Muñoz, C.A., Narkawicz, A., Hagen, G., Upchurch, J., Dutle, A., Consiglio, M.C., Chamberlain, J.P.: DAIDALUS: detect and avoid alerting logic for unmanned systems. In: 2015 IEEE/AIAA 34th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), p. 18 (2015)
Rorie, C., Monk, K., Roberts, Z., Brandt, S.: Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) integration in the National Airspace System (NAS) Project: Terminal Operations HITL 1B Primary Results. In: NASA (ed.). NASA Ames Research Center (2018)
Jack, D.P., Hoffler, K.D., Lewis, E.T.: Terminal Operations HITL 2 (TOPS2) SC-228 Outbrief. NASA, NASA Langley Res. Cent. p. 49 (2019)
Jack, D.P.: Alert timing assessment for unmanned aircraft system terminal area operations. 2020 AIAA SciTech Forum. AIAA, Orlando, FL (2020)
Cooper, M.: AFRL shares UAV software to further research. Wright-Patterson AFB, p. 1 (2017)
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Detect and Avoid Well-Clear subproject of NASA’s UAS Integration in the NAS project. Tod Lewis and Michael Vincent contributed to the design of the experiment. For simulation, the authors would like to thank Dimitrios Tsakpinis, simulation development lead, Robert Myer, Joel Ilbuoudo and Joshua Kaurich (SAIC), and Kristen Mark and Anna DeHaven (Craig Technologies). During data collection, the authors would like to thank Paul Volk of AAG, and NASA Langley’s Air Traffic Operations Lab—Ed N. Scearce, NASA, Chad Chapman, David West of SSAI, and Troy Landers and Joe Mason of Metis Technology Solutions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Trujillo, A.C., Roper, R.D., Kc, S. (2021). Differences Between Manned and Unmanned Pilots Flying a UAV in the Terminal Area. In: Zallio, M. (eds) Advances in Human Factors in Robots, Drones and Unmanned Systems. AHFE 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1210. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51758-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51758-8_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-51757-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-51758-8
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)