Abstract
In this chapter semiconductors with a spontaneous polarization and ferroelectric semiconductors are discussed. Also the effect of piezoelectricity is treated in some detail for zincblende and wurtzite materials.
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Notes
- 1.
Ferromagnetic semiconductors are discussed in Chap. 17. We note that there exist so called multiferroic materials that possess more than one ferroic property [1485, 1486].
- 2.
The widely accepted model for such ferroelectric is that the basic displacement occurs into the \(\langle 111\rangle \)-direction at low temperature. The three higher symmetry phases at higher temperature are the result of 2 (orthorhombic), 4 (tetragonal) or 8 (cubic) allowed \(\langle 111 \rangle \) orientations which make the macroscopically averaged polarization appear in \(\langle 110\rangle \)- or \(\langle 100\rangle \)-direction or vanishing altogether, respectively [1491, 1492].
- 3.
Another formulation is used with parameters \(d_{ijk}\) and \(P_i=d_{ijk}\,\sigma _{jk}\).
- 4.
In Voigt notation, \(P_x=e_{15} \, e_{5}\), \(P_y=e_{15} \, e_{4}\)
- 5.
If \(e_{14}\) for a zincblende material is transformed to a coordinate system along [111], the wurtzite-like piezoelectric constants are \(e_{33}=2\,e_{14}/\sqrt{3}\) and \(e_{31}=-e_{14}/\sqrt{3}\) [1507].
- 6.
The strain distribution has \(C_{2v}\) symmetry for a square-based pyramid for zincblende materials. The energy levels and wavefunctions are more strongly impacted by the piezoelectric effects than by the strain asymmetry [1382, 1383].
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Grundmann, M. (2021). Polarized Semiconductors. In: The Physics of Semiconductors. Graduate Texts in Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51569-0_16
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51569-0_16
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